Table 2.
Associations Between Lung Cancer Risk and Energy -Adjusted Quintilesa of Dietary Glycemic Load, Glycemic Index and Glycemic Index (Available Carbohydrate) Intake
| Quintiles of Daily GI/GL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend | |
| Overall | ||||||
| Glycemic Load | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 358/483 | 332 (36.73) | 409/477 | 353/479 | 430/488 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1 (REF) | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 1.20 (0.98–1.45) | 0.08 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 1.04 (0.84–1.27) | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | 1.16 (0.94–1.42) | 0.19 |
| Glycemic Index | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 399/488 | 315/474 | 361/492 | 374/482 | 554/473 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1 (REF) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 1.14 (0.93–1.39) | 1.11 (0.91–1.37) | 1.59 (1.30–1.93) | <0.001 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 1.16 (0.93–1.42) | 1.49 (1.21–1.83) | <0.001 |
| Glycemic Index (Available Carbohydrate) | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 301/481 | 327/471 | 355/499 | 393/475 | 527/483 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1 (REF) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1.20 (0.98–1.47) | 1.49 (1.23–1.81) | <0.001 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) | 1.11 (0.89–1.37) | 1.30 (1.05–1.60) | 1.48 (1.20–1.81) | 0.001 |
| By Histologic Subtype; Adenocarcinoma | ||||||
| Glycemic Load | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 188/483 | 198/482 | 201/477 | 179/479 | 236/488 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1(REF) | 1.05 (0.82–1.33) | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 1.22 (0.97–1.24) | 0.2 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 1.16 (0.91–1.47) | 0.43 |
| Glycemic Index | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 179/488 | 189/474 | 177/492 | 184/482 | 273/473 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1(REF) | 1.09 (0.86–1.39) | 0.94 (0.74–1.20) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 1.40 (1.11–1.77) | 0.02 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 1.13 (0.8–1.46) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 1.30 (1.02–1.66) | 0.1 |
| Glycemic Index (Available Carbohydrate) | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 176/481 | 196/471 | 170/499 | 204/475 | 256/483 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1(REF) | 1.12 (0.88–1.42) | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) | 1.10 (0.87–1.17) | 1.32 (1.05–1.67) | 0.03 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 1.15 (0.90–1.48) | 1.31 (1.02–1.67) | 0.08 |
| By Histologic Subtype; Squamous Cell Carcinoma | ||||||
| Glycemic Load | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 84/483 | 69/482 | 97/477 | 75/479 | 90/488 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1(REF) | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | 1.26 (0.90–1.77) | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) | 1.05 (0.75–1.49) | 0.54 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 0.82 (0.56–1.20) | 1.28 (0.89–1.83) | 0.97 (0.67–1.41) | 1.05 (0.73–1.49) | 0.65 |
| Glycemic Index | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 48/488 | 55/474 | 95/492 | 87/482 | 130/473 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1(REF) | 1.14 (0.74–1.73) | 1.79 (1.22–2.63) | 1.57 (1.06–2.32) | 2.08 (1.43–3.02) | <0.001 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 1.07 (0.69–1.65) | 1.68 (1.13–2.51) | 1.56 (1.04–2.32) | 1.92 (1.30–2.83) | <0.001 |
| Glycemic Index (Available Carbohydrate) | ||||||
| Cases/Controls | 49/481 | 60/471 | 91/499 | 89/475 | 126/483 | |
| Minimally Adjusted Model b | 1(REF) | 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | 1.61 (1.09–2.36) | 1.63 (1.11–2.40) | 1.94 (1.34–2.81) | <0.001 |
| Fully Adjusted Model c | 1 (REF) | 1.14 (0.75–1.75) | 1.56 (1.05–2.32) | 1.73 (1.16–2.58) | 1.92 (1.31–2.82) | <0.001 |
a
quintiles based on distribution in controls, by gender
b
Minimally Adjusted Model include adjustment for age, education, gender and smoking status N=6 missing education
c
Same as minimally adjusted, but also includes history of emphysema, pneumonia, hay fever, family history of lung cancer and physical activity, total energy intake and BMI
Fully-adjusted Missing; N=55; unknown physical activity N=618