Table 1.
Summary of Clinical Characteristics of the Study Cohort, and Association of Clinical Characteristics with Cardiovascular Hospitalization or Death on Cox Regression Analysis
| Clinical characteristic | Total cohort (N=308) |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years* | 65±13.0 | 1.27 (1.10–1.47) | 0.001 |
| Female, n(%) | 197(64) | 1.02 (0.69–1.49) | 0.94 |
| Race, n(%) | 0.29 | ||
| • Caucasian | 159 (52) | 1.00 (referent) | |
| • African American | 118 (38) | 1.26 (0.86–1.84) | |
| • Other | 31 (10) | 0.78 (0.37–1.64) | |
| NYHA class, n(%) | <0.001 | ||
| • I | 44 (14) | 1.00 (referent) | |
| • II | 118 (38) | 1.15 (0.61–2.18) | |
| • III | 141 (46) | 2.40 (1.32–4.38) | |
| • IV | 4 (1) | 2.78 (0.63–12.33) | |
| Comorbidities, n(%) | |||
| • Atrial fibrillation | 79(26) | 1.24 (0.83–1.86) | 0.30 |
| • Coronary artery disease | 153(50) | 1.32 (0.92–1.91) | 0.14 |
| • Hypertension | 232(75) | 1.61 (1.00–2.58) | 0.05 |
| • Diabetes | 91(30) | 1.46 (1.00–2.14) | 0.05 |
| • Cigarette smoker | 125(41) | 1.00 (0.69–1.45) | 0.99 |
| • Hyperlipidemia | 161(52) | 0.89 (0.62–1.29) | 0.54 |
| • Obesity | 154(50) | 1.02 (0.70–1.46) | 0.94 |
| • Chronic kidney disease | 94(31) | 1.89 (1.29–2.78) | 0.001 |
| • COPD | 106(34) | 1.33 (0.92–1.94) | 0.13 |
| • Obstructive sleep apnea | 105(34) | 1.40 (0.96–2.03) | 0.08 |
| Vital signs and laboratory data | |||
| • Systolic blood pressure, mmHg** | 125±13 | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.19 |
| • Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg** | 70±12 | 0.73 (0.59–0.89) | 0.002 |
| • Body mass index, kg/m2** | 31.5±8.6 | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 0.82 |
| • Hemoglobin, g/dL† | 11.9±1.8 | 1.26 (1.06–1.52) | 0.009 |
| • Estimated GFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2† | 60±28 | 1.45 (1.20–1.77) | <0.001 |
| • BNP, pg/mL (median, 25th–75th percentile)** | 230 (69–474) | 1.25 (1.10–1.41) | 0.001 |
| Medications, n(%) | |||
| • ACE-inhibitor or ARB | 166(54) | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 0.58 |
| • β-blocker | 206(67) | 1.55 (1.01–2.36) | 0.04 |
| • Calcium channel blocker | 101(33) | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | 0.08 |
| • Nitrate | 40(13) | 2.84 (1.78–4.52) | <0.001 |
| • Loop diuretic | 168(55) | 2.28 (1.54–3.37) | <0.001 |
| • Thiazide diuretic | 67(22) | 1.05 (0.68–1.64) | 0.81 |
| • Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 38(12) | 1.24 (0.74–2.09) | 0.41 |
| • Statin | 148(48) | 1.43 (0.99–2.06) | 0.06 |
| • Aspirin | 138(45) | 1.37 (0.95–1.98) | 0.09 |
| • Warfarin | 70(23) | 1.26 (0.83–1.93) | 0.28 |
| MAGGIC risk score** | 19.3±7.3 | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | <0.001 |
*
Hazard ratio is per 10-year increase
**
Hazard ratio is per 1-SD increase
†
Hazard ratio is per 1-SD decrease
Categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages; continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise specified.
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; NYHA = New York Heart Association; MAGGIC = Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic heart failure