Table 2.
Summary of Echocardiographic, Invasive Hemodynamic, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Characteristics of the Study Cohort, and Association of These Characteristics with Cardiovascular Hospitalization or Death on Cox Regression Analysis
| Parameter | Total Cohort (N=308) |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography | |||
| • Septal wall thickness, cm* | 1.20±0.30 | 1.28 (1.11–1.48) | 0.001 |
| • Posterior wall thickness, cm* | 1.15±0.28 | 1.27 (1.11–1.46) | <0.001 |
| • Relative wall thickness* | 0.51±0.16 | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | 0.001 |
| • LV mass index, g/m2* | 104.5±39.7 | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) | 0.001 |
| • LV end-diastolic volume index, mL/m2* | 41.6±12.3 | 0.92 (0.74–1.13) | 0.43 |
| • LV end-systolic volume index, mL/m2* | 16.7±7.5 | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) | 0.52 |
| • LV ejection fraction, %** | 61.0±6.4 | 0.94 (0.79–1.14) | 0.56 |
| • LA volume index, ml/m2* | 34.4±13.7 | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 0.06 |
| • E velocity, cm/s* | 104.6±35.8 | 1.27 (1.07–1.50) | 0.006 |
| • A velocity, cm/s* | 85.9±30.3 | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 0.30 |
| • E/A ratio* | 1.3±0.7 | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 0.19 |
| • RV fractional area change, %** | 44±7 | 1.20 (1.01–1,42) | 0.04 |
| • TAPSE, cm** | 2.0±0.6 | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 0.06 |
| • PA systolic pressure, mmHg* | 43.7±15.5 | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 0.08 |
| • Tissue Doppler measures† | |||
| ○ s’ velocity, cm/s** | 7.2±2.1 | 1.42 (1.13–1.77) | 0.002 |
| ○ e’ velocity, cm/s** | 7.0±2.7 | 1.19 (0.96–1.46) | 0.10 |
| ○ a’ velocity, cm/s** | 8.4±3.1 | 1.61 (1.31–1.98) | <0.001 |
| ○ E/e’ ratio** | 15.0±8.1 | 1.31 (1.14–1.50) | <0.001 |
| • Aortic stenosis, n(%) | |||
| ○ Mild | 1 (0.3) | — | — |
| ○ Moderate | 3 (1) | 0.97 (0.14–6.96) | 0.98 |
| • Aortic regurgitation, n(%) | |||
| ○ Mild | 5 (1.6) | 1.81 (0.57–5.69) | 0.31 |
| ○ Moderate | 2 (0.6) | — | — |
| • Moderate mitral regurgitation, n(%) | 44 (14) | 1.66 (1.01–2.73) | 0.04 |
| Speckle-tracking echocardiography‡ | |||
| • LV longitudinal strain, %** | 17.5±4.1 | 1.25 (1.03–1.52) | 0.02 |
| • RV free wall strain, %** | 21.1±8.1 | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) | 0.009 |
| • LA conduit strain, %** | 19.8±8.5 | 1.58 (1.25–2.00) | <0.001 |
| • LA booster strain, %** | 18.3±7.7 | 1.56 (1.23–1.99) | <0.001 |
| • LA reservoir strain, %** | 36.2±14.9 | 1.72 (1.37–2.15) | <0.001 |
| • LA stiffness index* | 0.49±0.43 | 1.44 (1.27–1.62) | <0.001 |
| Invasive hemodynamics (N=177) | |||
| • Right atrial pressure, mmHg* | 13±6 | 1.43 (1.14–1.80) | 0.002 |
| • Mean PA pressure, mmHg* | 33±10 | 1.37 (1.08–1.72) | 0.008 |
| • PCWP, mmHg * | 23±8 | 1.27 (1.00–1.62) | 0.05 |
| • Cardiac output, L/min** | 6.0±2.2 | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) | 0.35 |
| • Pulmonary vascular resistance, WU* | 1.9±1.4 | 1.22 (1.02–1.46) | 0.03 |
| Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (N=117) | |||
| • Respiratory exchange ratio** | 1.11±0.13 | 1.13 (0.82–1.56) | 0.44 |
| • Workload, watts** | 60.1±31.7 | 1.96 (1.29–2.98) | 0.002 |
| • Exercise time, seconds** | 391±252 | 2.06 (1.34–3.18) | 0.001 |
| • Anaerobic threshold** | 11.0±3.6 | 3.78 (1.72–8.30) | 0.001 |
| • Peak VO2, ml/kg/min** | 13.9±5.4 | 2.33 (1.44–3.76) | 0.001 |
| • Oxygen pulse, mL/beat** | 10.8±3.85 | 1.59 (1.10–2.30) | 0.01 |
| • VE/VCO2 ratio at anaerobic threshold* | 32.7±4.8 | 1.14 (0.81–1.59) | 0.46 |
Hazard ratio is per 1-SD increase
Hazard ratio is per 1-SD decrease
All tissue Doppler values represent average of septal and lateral indices.
All speckle-tracking measures are presented as absolute values.
Summary values represent mean ± SD. There were too few events to calculate hazard ratios for mild aortic stenosis or moderate aortic regurgitation.
LV = left ventricular; LA = left atrial; E = early mitral inflow; A = late (atrial) mitral inflow; RV = right ventricular; TAPSE = tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PA = pulmonary arterial; PCWP = pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; WU = Wood units; VO2 = oxygen consumption; VE/VCO2 = ventilatory efficiency.