Table 3. Differences in Patient Characteristics Between Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device (PVAD) and Intra-aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) Recipientsin the United States, 2007 Through 2012.
| Characteristic | % (SE) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PVAD | IABP, All Programs | ||
| Estimated procedure volume, weighted No. (SD) | 8123 (499) | 304 729 (9612) | <.001 |
| Patient Characteristics | |||
| Age | |||
| Mean (SE), y | 66.1 (0.4) | 64.9 (0.1) | .007 |
| ≥65 y, No. (%) | 58.0 (1.4) | 52.5 (0.3) | <.001 |
| Male sex | 73.6 (1.1) | 69.0 (0.2) | <.001 |
| Race | |||
| White | 63.4 (1.9) | 64.2 (1.0) | .03 |
| Nonwhite | 24.7 (1.7) | 20.6 (0.7) | |
| Missing/unknown | 12.0 (1.9) | 15.2 (1.1) | |
| Income quartilea | |||
| 0-25 | 31.1 (1.7) | 26.4 (0.8) | .01 |
| 26-50 | 26.3 (1.2) | 26.7 (0.7) | |
| 51-75 | 22.2 (1.2) | 24.5 (0.5) | |
| 76-100 | 20.4 (1.6) | 22.4 (1.2) | |
| Discharge diagnoses | |||
| Cardiogenic shock | 34.3 (1.6) | 41.2 (0.6) | .001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 48.0 (1.3) | 68.6 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 70.5 (1.3) | 47.9 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 85.0 (1.0) | 82.5 (0.4) | .02 |
| Cardiac arrest | 17.4 (1.0) | 18.9 (0.3) | .16 |
| Valvular heart disease | 22.4 (1.1) | 23.5 (0.4) | .31 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 14.5 (0.9) | 8.5 (0.2) | <.001 |
| Arrhythmia | 45.5 (1.4) | 44.1 (0.4) | .29 |
| Comorbid conditions | |||
| Hypertension | 63.1 (1.5) | 60.0 (0.5) | .04 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 42.8 (1.3) | 36.5 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Cancer | 8.4 (0.6) | 7.5 (0.2) | .12 |
| Liver disease | 15.6 (1.2) | 9.3 (0.2) | <.001 |
| COPD | 18.4 (1.0) | 15.6 (0.3) | .003 |
| Dyslipidemia | 50.4 (1.4) | 47.4 (0.5) | .03 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 27.3 (1.1) | 16.1 (0.3) | <.001 |
| Fluid/electrolyte disorder | 35.5 (1.5) | 35.1 (0.6) | .81 |
| Coagulation disorder | 16.4 (1.1) | 18.0 (0.4) | .17 |
| Substance abuse | 2.0 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.1) | .85 |
| Procedures | |||
| PCI | 70.9 (1.5) | 40.4 (0.5) | <.001 |
| CABG | 6.2 (0.7) | 43.2 (0.6) | <.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 24.3 (1.3) | 29.8 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Administrative/Financial Details | |||
| Payment source | |||
| Medicare | 60.9 (1.5) | 51.6 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 7.5 (0.7) | 7.5 (0.2) | |
| Private insurance | 25.0 (1.4) | 31.3 (0.4) | |
| Others | 6.6 (0.7) | 9.6 (0.2) | |
| Elective admission | 27.8 (1.5) | 18.0 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Hospitalization outcome | |||
| Home or self-care | 45.8 (1.4) | 34.6 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Short-term hospital | 3.3 (0.5) | 7.5 (0.3) | |
| Skilled care facility | 16.3 (1.0) | 19.7 (0.3) | |
| Home health care | 12.7 (0.9) | 18.3 (0.4) | |
| Discharged alive, unknown | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.0) | |
| Died | 21.7 (1.2) | 19.5 (0.3) | |
| Length of stay, mean (SE), d | 10.4 (0.5) | 11.3 (0.1) | <.001b |
| Unadjusted mortality | 21.7 (1.1) | 19.5 (0.3) | .05 |
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PVAD, percutaneous ventricular assist device.
a
Median household income quartiles based on patient zip code.
b
For differences in geometric means of length of stay.