Table 2.
Results of regression models examining factors associated with depressive symptoms among HIV-positive patients enrolled in care and treatment services
| Correlate | Mean CES-D | Unadjusted β(95 % CI) | p | Adjusted β (95 % CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Country | .1031 | .0002 | |||
| Kenya | 12.96 | 3.59 (0.09, 7.10) | 4.56 (2.12, 7.00) | ||
| Namibia | 12.30 | 2.90 (−0.60, 6.41) | 3.97 (1.43, 6.52) | ||
| Tanzania | 9.38 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Age (years) | — | −0.11 (−0.15, −0.07) | <.0001 | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.00) | .0452 |
| Gender | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Female | 12.70 | 3.01 (2.32, 3.69) | 2.10 (1.36, 2.84) | ||
| Male | 9.91 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Marital status | .0004 | .4009 | |||
| Single, never married | 12.07 | 0.81 (−0.14, 1.77) | 0.18 (−0.82, 1.17) | ||
| Separated/divorced | 11.91 | 1.77 (0.59, 2.95) | 0.78 (−0.42, 1.98) | ||
| Widowed | 13.59 | 2.34 (0.89, 3.78) | 1.02 (−0.44, 2.48) | ||
| Married/living together as married | 11.06 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Partner’s HIV status | <.0001 | .4788 | |||
| HIV+ | 10.81 | −0.42 (−1.36, 0.52) | −0.14 (−1.01, 0.72) | ||
| HIV unknown | 12.62 | 1.80 (0.82, 2.78) | 0.35 (−0.61, 1.32) | ||
| HIV− | 10.89 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Health status correlates | |||||
| Medication adherencea | <.0001 | .0003 | |||
| Not on HIV meds | 12.80 | 1.41 (0.24, 2.58) | 0.51 (−0.66, 1.68) | ||
| On meds and not adherent | 13.78 | 2.71 (1.74, 3.67) | 1.87 (0.96, 2.79) | ||
| On meds and 100 % adherent | 10.85 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Most recent CD4 | .5889 | .8155 | |||
| <200 | 11.94 | −.24 (−1.24, 0.76) | 0.18 (−0.82, 1.17) | ||
| 200–349 | 11.35 | −0.38 (−1.32, 0.56) | 0.43 (−0.47, 1.32) | ||
| 350–500 | 11.13 | −0.69 (−1.70, 0.31) | 0.14 (−0.80, 1.07) | ||
| ≥501 | 11.57 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Time since HIV diagnosis | 0.0371 | .7762 | |||
| <1 year | 12.10 | 0.43 (−0.52, 1.39) | 0.39 (−0.56, 1.35) | ||
| 1 to <2 years | 10.94 | −0.60 (−1.57, 0.38) | −0.04 (−0.98, 0.89) | ||
| 2 to <3 years | 10.84 | −0.92 (−1.92, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.95, 0.94) | ||
| ≥3 years | 11.93 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Number of clinic visits, past 6 months | .0249 | .7187 | |||
| 1–2 | 12.44 | −0.35 (−2.13, 1.43) | −0.19 (−1.90, 1.51) | ||
| 3–4 | 10.84 | −1.63 (−3.24, −0.01) | −0.56 (−2.08, 0.95) | ||
| 5–6 | 11.03 | −1.35 (−2.93, 0.23) | −0.15 (−1.62, 1.33) | ||
| ≥7 | 13.75 | Ref | Ref | ||
| SF8-Physical component summary | – | −0.46 (−0.49, −0.42) | <.0001 | −0.38 (−0.42, −0.34) | <.0001 |
| Psychosocial Correlates | |||||
| Alcohol use, past 6 months | <.0001 | .0008 | |||
| Non-problem drinker | 10.28 | −1.04 (−2.03, −0.06) | −0.33 (−1.27, 0.60) | ||
| Harmful drinker | 14.54 | 1.76 (−0.20, 3.72) | 0.54 (−1.34, 2.41) | ||
| Likely dependent on alcohol | 18.75 | 6.29 (3.85, 8.73) | 4.58 (2.31, 6.85) | ||
| Nondrinker | 11.47 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Number household members disclosed to | <.0001 | .0289 | |||
| 0 | 12.36 | −0.27 (−1.41, 0.87) | −0.95 (−2.07, 0.16) | ||
| 1 | 10.54 | −1.92 (−2.85, −0.99) | −1.02 (−1.92, −0.12) | ||
| 2 | 12.34 | 0.20 (−1.04, 1.44) | −0.27 (−0.91, 1.44) | ||
| ≥3 | 12.21 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Physical or sexual violence, past 6 months | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Yes | 18.71 | 7.52 (6.31, 8.73) | 4.40 (3.22, 5.59) | ||
| No | 10.87 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Social support | – | −1.48 (−1.65, −1.32) | <.0001 | −1.08 (−1.25, −0.92) | <.0001 |
A total of 3,098 of 3,538 (87.6 %) participants had complete data on all variables and were included in the adjusted regression model.
a
HIV medications include ARVs and/or cotrimoxazole