Table 2.
Description of the Sample of Studies and Data Sets
| Study and sample | Behavioral factors
|
Population or sample features
|
Prediction or postdiction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Action, time, and context | Type of behavior | Type of partner | N | Mean age | % female | Other sample characteristics | ||
| Adler, Kegeles, Irwin, & Wibbelsman (1990) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use if I have intercourse next year | — | — | 218 | 16.5 | 100 | Adolescents seeking health care in two clinics, California | Prediction |
| 2 | Condom use if I have intercourse next year | — | — | 83 | 16.5 | 0 | Adolescents seeking health care in two clinics, California | Prediction |
| Agnew (1995) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use | — | — | 42 | 19.42 | 100 | College students in a romantic relation, United States | Prediction |
| 2 | Condom use | — | — | 42 | 20.33 | 0 | College students in a romantic relation, United States | Prediction |
| Albarracín (1996) | ||||||||
| 1 | Telling partner to use a condom always during the next year | — | — | 59 | 28 | 100 | Students involved in a steady relationship, Argentina | Postdiction |
| 2 | Telling partner to use a condom always during the next year | — | — | 32 | 28 | 100 | Students not involved in a steady relationship, Argentina | Postdiction |
| Albarracín, Fishbein, & Middlestadt (1998) | Condom use | — | — | 178 | 41 | 46.1 | Sexually active residents, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Postdiction |
| Basen-Enquist & Parcel (1992) | Condom use if have intercourse | — | — | 1,595 | 15.5 | 50 | Sexually active teenage students of 30 school districts in Texas | Postdiction |
| Boyd & Wandersman (1991) | Condom use in the next 3 months | — | — | 109 | 18.9 | 63 | College students, United States | Prediction |
| Breakwell, Millward, & Fife-Schaw (1994) | Condom use (condom use if uncertain of partner’s sex history and condom use always) | — | — | 63 | 18 | 62 | Teenage students with complete data from a cohort sample from one geographic region, United States | Prediction |
| CDC (1993b) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Main partner | 1,516 | 31.31 | 100 | Sample from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 2 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Main partner | 605 | 33.09 | 0 | Sample from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 3 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Other partners | 580 | 31.31 | 100 | Sample from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 4 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Other partners | 195 | 33.09 | 0 | Sample from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 5 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Main partner | 116 | 31.31 | 100 | Sample from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 6 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Main partner | 64 | 33.09 | 0 | Samples from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 7 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Other partner | 117 | 31.31 | 100 | Samples from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 8 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Other partner | 67 | 33.09 | 0 | Samples from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 9 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Main partner | 257 | 33.09 | 0 | MSMs from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 10 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Other partner | 262 | 33.09 | 0 | MSMs from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 11 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Main partner | 135 | 33.09 | 0 | MSMs from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| 12 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Other partner | 310 | 33.09 | 0 | MSMs from CDC Community Demonstration sites, United States | Postdiction |
| CDC (1996) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Main partner | 1,193 | 26.02 | 100 | Sample from CDC Project RESPECT’s sites, United States | Prediction |
| 2 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Main partner | 1,459 | 28.44 | 0 | Sample from CDC Project RESPECT’s sites, United States | Prediction |
| 3 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Other partners | 751 | 26.02 | 100 | Sample from CDC Project RESPECT’s sites, United States | Prediction |
| 4 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Vaginal sex | Other partners | 1,118 | 28.44 | 0 | Sample from CDC Project RESPECT’s sites, United States | Prediction |
| 5 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Main partner | 52 | 26.02 | 100 | Sample from CDC Project RESPECT’s sites, United States | Prediction |
| 6 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Main partner | 58 | 28.44 | 0 | Sample from CDC Project RESPECT’s sites, United States | Prediction |
| 7 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Other partner | 49 | 26.02 | 100 | Sample from CDC Project RESPECT’s sites, United States | Prediction |
| 8 | Condom use always during the next 6 months | Anal sex | Other partner | 90 | 28.44 | 0 | Sample from CDC Project RESPECT’s sites, United States | Prediction |
| Chan & Fishbein (1993) | Tell partner to use condom every time you have intercourse | — | — | 190 | 19 | 100 | College students from Illinois | — |
| Chan (1994) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use | — | — | 174 | 19 | 0 | College students from Illinois | Prediction |
| 2 | Condom use | — | — | 249 | 19 | 100 | College students from Illinois | Prediction |
| Cohen, Severy, & Athola (1978) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use every time I have intercourse and next time I have intercourse | — | — | 15 | NR | 0 | Condom users from a sample of residents of Gainesville, Florida | — |
| 2 | Condom use every time I have intercourse and next time I have intercourse | — | — | 23 | NR | 100 | Condom users from a sample of residents of Gainesville, Florida | — |
| Corby, Schneider- Jamner, & Welwitschia (1996) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use every time you have sex | — | Main partner | 288 | 39.7 | 0 | Injecting drug users, United States | — |
| 2 | Condom use every time you have sex | — | Main partner | 203 | 35.3 | 100 | Injecting drug users, United States | — |
| 3 | Condom use every time you have sex | — | Casual partner | 212 | 39.7 | 0 | Injecting drug users, United States | — |
| 4 | Condom use every time you have sex | — | Casual partner | 216 | 35.3 | 100 | Injecting drug users, United States | — |
| Doll & Orth (1993) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use | — | — | 89 | 19 | 0 | College students who received $10 for participating, Hamburg, Germany | — |
| 2 | Condom use | — | — | 89 | 19 | 100 | College students who received $10 for participating, Hamburg, Germany | — |
| Fishbein et al. (1995) | Condom use | — | — | 428 | 41 | 57.4 | Residents, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Postdiction |
| W. A. Fisher (1984) | Condom use in the next month | — | — | 42 | 19.88 | 64 | Unmarried college students, United States | Prediction |
| W. A. Fisher, Fisher, & Rye (1995) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use during the next 2 months | Insertive anal sex | — | 29 | NR | 0 | Gay men from a Northeastern city, United States | Prediction |
| 2 | Condom use during the next 2 months | Receptive anal sex | — | 23 | NR | 0 | Gay men from a Northeastern city, United States | Prediction |
| 3 | Condom use during the next 2 months | — | — | 70 | 19 | 53 | College students from a Northeastern city, United States | Prediction |
| 4 | Condom use during the next 2 months | — | — | 84 | 19 | 53 | College students from a Northeastern city, United States | Prediction |
| 5 | Condom use always during the next 2 months | — | — | 29 | 14 | 65 | Ninth graders in a Northeastern city, United States | Prediction |
| 6 | Condom use always during the next 2 months | — | — | 34 | 14 | 65 | Ninth graders in a Northeastern city, United States | Prediction |
| Gallois, Terry, Timmins, Kashima, & McCamish (1994) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use | — | — | 99 | 19 | 0 | Sexually experienced college students, Australia | Prediction |
| 2 | Condom use | — | — | 126 | 19 | 100 | Sexually experienced college students, Australia | Prediction |
| Jemmott & Jemmott (1991) | Condom use if you have sex in the next 3 months | — | — | 103 | 26.23 | 100 | Sexually active unmarried Black women of an inner-city commuter university in an area of New Jersey with a high rate of AIDS | Prediction |
| Kashima, Gallois, & McCamish (1993) | Condom use next sexual intercourse | — | — | 149 | 19 | 52 | Undergraduate students, Australia | Prediction |
| Lavoie & Godin (1991) | Condom use | — | Other (new) partner | 54 | 19.6 | 0 | College students from Quebec, Canada | Postdiction |
| McCarty (1981) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use | — | — | 41 | 22.5 | 39 | Never married introductory psychology students exposed to a condom use message, Kentucky | — |
| 2 | Condom use | — | — | 53 | 22.5 | 39 | Never married introductory psychology students exposed to a condom use message, Kentucky | — |
| Montaño, Kazprzyk, & Fishbein (1996) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Vaginal sex | Main partner | 186 | 43.5 | 0 | Male high-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 2 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Vaginal sex | Main partner | 121 | 43.5 | 100 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 3 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Anal sex | Main partner | 79 | 43.5 | 0 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 4 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Anal sex | Main partner | 9 | 43.5 | 100 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 5 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Oral sex | Main partner | 192 | 43.5 | 0 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 6 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Oral sex | Main partner | 147 | 43.5 | 100 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 7 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Vaginal sex | Other partner | 108 | 43.5 | 0 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 8 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Vaginal sex | Other partner | 69 | 43.5 | 100 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 9 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Anal sex | Other partner | 67 | 43.5 | 0 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 10 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Anal sex | Other partner | 20 | 43.5 | 100 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 11 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Oral sex | Other partner | 158 | 43.5 | 0 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| 12 | Condom use every time during the next 3 months | Oral sex | Main partner | 17 | 43.5 | 100 | High-risk groups from the community, Seattle, Washington | Prediction |
| Morrison, Gillmore, & Baker (1995) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use during next 3 months at Time 1 | — | Steady partner | 98 | 30 | 0 | Adults, Northwestern city, United States | Prediction |
| 2 | Condom use during the next 3 months at Time 1 | — | Steady | 156 | 30 | 100 | Adults, Northwestern city, United States | Prediction |
| 3 | Condom use during next 3 months | — | Casual partner | 64 | 30 | 0 | Adults, Northwestern city, United States | Prediction |
| 4 | Condom use during next 3 months | — | Casual partner | 38 | 30 | 100 | Adults, Northwestern city, United States | Prediction |
| 5 | Condom use during next 3 months | — | Steady partner | 72 | 15 | 0 | Teens, Northwestern city, United States | Prediction |
| 6 | Condom use during next 3 months | — | Steady partner | 129 | 15 | 100 | Teens, Northwestern city, United States | Prediction |
| 7 | Condom use during next 3 months | — | Casual partner | 30 | 15 | 0 | Teens, Northwestern city, United States | Prediction |
| 8 | Condom use during next 3 months | — | Casual partner | 39 | 15 | 100 | Teens, Northwestern city, United States | Prediction |
| Nucifora, Gallois, & Kashima (1993) | Condom use in the next intercourse | — | — | 140 | 19 | 55 | Sexually active college students, Australia | Prediction |
| Pendergrast, DuRant, & Gaillard (1992) | Condom use if given for free in the next intercourse | — | — | 105 | 16.5 | 0 | Patients of a general adolescent clinic, United States | Postdiction |
| Reinecke, Schmidt, & Ajzen (1996) | Condom use with next sexual partner | — | — | 172 | 19.5 | 65 | Sample of youth at Times 1 and 2, Germany | Prediction |
| Richard, Van der Plight, & de Vries (1995) | ||||||||
| 1 | Refraining from intercourse and condom use | — | — | 86 | 17 | 100 | Teenagers from 66 schools, Holland | Postdiction |
| 2 | Refraining from intercourse and condom use | — | — | 131 | 17 | 0 | Teenagers from 66 schools, Holland | Postdiction |
| 3 | Condom use | — | — | 132 | 17 | 100 | Teenagers from 66 schools, the Netherlands | Postdiction |
| 4 | Condom use | — | — | 74 | 17 | 0 | Teenagers from 66 schools, the Netherlands | Postdiction |
| Rigby, Dietz, & Sturgess (1993) | Condom use | — | — | 144 | 24.01 | 55 | Central or South Americans living in South Australia | — |
| Rise (1992) | Condom use | — | — | 3,000 | 18 | 64.5 | Adolescents, Norway | Postdiction |
| M. W. Ross & McLaws (1992) | Condom use | Insertive, receptive oral and anal sex | — | 173 | 44.5 | 0 | Homosexually active men, Adelaide, South Australia | — |
| Rye (1996) | Condom use | — | — | 56 | 19 | 50 | College students, Canada | Prediction |
| Schaalma, Kok, & Peters (1993) | Consistent condom use | — | — | 1,018 | 15 | 57 | Stratified sample of students in 31 secondary schools, the Netherlands | — |
| Tashakkori & Thompson (1990) | Condom use | — | — | 144 | 19 | 57 | College students from a predominantly Black campus in Southeastern state, United States | — |
| Terry (1993) | Condom use during the next intercourse | — | — | 110 | 19.19 | 52 | Undergraduate students, Australia | Prediction |
| Trafimow (1994) | Condom use every time | — | — | 72 | 19 | 54 | College students who had sex in past 6 months, United States | — |
| Warwick, Terry, & Gallois (1993) | Condom use the next time you have sex | — | — | 92 | 19 | 42 | Sexually experienced college students from Australia | Prediction |
| Westaby & Fishbein (1993) | Condom use every sexual intercourse | — | — | 106 | 19 | 47 | College students from Illinois | — |
| White, Terry, & Hogg (1994) | Condom use every time in the next month | — | — | 211 | 20.5 | 66 | Heterosexual sexually experienced college students from Australia | — |
| Wilson, Zenda, McMaster, & Lavelle (1992) | ||||||||
| 1 | Condom use every time | — | — | 179 | 25.1 | 0 | Sexually experienced teacher trainees, Zimbabwe | — |
| 2 | Condom use every time | — | — | 123 | 25.1 | 100 | Sexually experienced teacher trainees, Zimbabwe | — |
Note. Numbers that appear below citations are ordinals for the databases provided by sources. Dash indicates that the behavior was not measured in the data set; NR = the information was not reported in the source; CDC = Centers for Disease Control. MSMs = Men who have sex with men.