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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2016 May;44(4):651–661. doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0076-x

Table 4.

The prevalence of ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ RB behaviors by RB clinical status.

Type of RB behavior Prevalence Prevalence Boys estimated risk ratio Girls estimated risk ratio
Boys with RB Boys without RB Girls with RB Girls without RB
Legal behaviors, mother report 84.5% 65.8% 82.9% 53.5% 1.28** 1.55**
Legal behaviors, father report 89.8% 63.2% 83.0% 58.3% 1.42** 1.42**
Legal behaviors, teacher report 61.9% 28.1% 49.0% 14.5% 2.20** 3.38**
Illegal behaviors, mother report 52.3% 5.2% 31.0% 4.3% 10.06** 7.21**
Illegal behaviors, father report 35.8% 3.7% 23.6% 2.6% 9.68** 9.08**

Note. Legal RB behaviors are defined to include breaking rules, lacking guilt, lying or cheating, preferring the company of older peers, and having delinquent friends. Illegal RB behaviors are defined to include setting fires, stealing at home or outside the home, running away, vandalism, and truancy. Teacher reports of illegal behaviors are not included here, as four of the six items are not assessed. Prevalences were computed via estimated marginal means in HLM to adjust for the non-independence of twins within families. Age and ethnicity were added as covariates.

* and **

indicate that the risk ratio is significantly greater than zero at p< .05 or p<.01, respectively.