Table 3. Lifestyle characteristics of the participants according to sex and study years.
| Variable | Boys | Girls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | 2010 | P value | 1998 | 2010 | P value | |
| Daily energy intake | ||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2,349.3±50.2 | 2,401.3±63.4 | 0.573 | 1,884.7±40.3 | 1,902.3±64.3 | 0.774 |
| Protein (g/day) | 83.8±2.4 | 86.6±2.8 | 0.505 | 65.6±1.9 | 65.4±2.7 | 0.955 |
| Fat (g/day) | 57.7±1.8 | 64±2.6 | 0.052 | 45.1±1.8 | 51.1±3 | 0.074 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 373.8±8.1 | 367±9.3 | 0.559 | 306.7±5.8 | 296.4±9.1 | 0.373 |
| Breakfast skipping* (%) | 37.0 | 17.8 | <0.001 | 42.1 | 19.8 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking† (%) | 16.8 | 12.6 | 0.068 | 13.3 | 6.4 | 0.003 |
| Smoking‡ (%) | 7.9 | 8.2 | 0.887 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 0.315 |
| Regular exercise§ (%) | 21.6 | 36.1 | <0.001 | 6.3 | 16.5 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard error of mean unless otherwise indicated.
*Breakfast skipping was defined as regularly not eating breakfast more than 5 times per week. †Alcohol drinking was categorized as "Yes" when the subjects consumed alcohol more than once per month in the year preceding the interview. ‡Smoking was categorized as "Yes" when the subjects smoke more than once per month in the year preceding the interview. §Regular exercise was categorized as "Yes" when the subjects performed moderate physical activity for more than 20 minutes at a time and more than 3 times per week.