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. 2016 Mar 8;10:70. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00070

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Copyright © 2016 Pisanello, Sileo and De Vittorio.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Nanoparticles for optical modulation and/or readout of neural activity. (A) Gold nanoparticles functionalized on the cell membrane to generate local heating (represented by the red shadow) upon green light absorption (represented by the green waves). (B) Semiconductor nanoscristals placed in the lipid bilayer could be used to sense voltage by detecting fluorescence fluctuations (ΔF/F) generated by the time-dependent electric field. (B) is reproduced with permission from Marshall and Schnitzer (2013).