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. 2015 Dec 29;30:135–147. doi: 10.1007/s40263-015-0297-0

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© The Author(s) 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 2 — Immunohistochemical staining for S1P₁. Compared with control brain tissue, S1P₁ staining on astrocytes was upregulated in NAWM in MS, and to the greatest extent in reactive astrocytes in active MS lesions. MS multiple sclerosis, NAWM normal-appearing white matter, S1P sphingosine 1-phosphate. Reproduced from Van Doorn et al. [68], with permission