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. 2016 Mar 1;30(5):489–501. doi: 10.1101/gad.276733.115

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Conceptual evolution of the understanding of cancer cachexia. The scheme depicts the way we envision multifactorial cancer cachexia in 2015, involving reciprocal compounding interactions between the tumor and the organism, which result in inflammatory and metabolic changes distant from the pathological sites of tumor growth. This way is very different from the unidirectional way that “cancer aggression” was viewed decades ago (Costa 1977).