Table 1.
Mean characteristics of word stimuli (standard deviations in parentheses).
| Word characteristic | High imageability | Low imageability | p for difference test | High child-BOI | Low child-BOI | p for difference test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of items | 60 | 60 | 12 | 12 | ||
| Imageability | 5.83 (0.78) | 3.46 (0.60) | <0.001 | 6.40 (0.21) | 6.34 (0.48) | 0.38 |
| Child-BOI | 6.21 (0.59) | 3.83 (1.36) | <0.001 | |||
| Grade 1 print frequency | 81.87 (58.30) | 87.77 (70.62) | 0.62 | 95.08 (64.84) | 91.50 (42.75) | 0.87 |
| Child spoken frequency | 87.02 (121.09) | 81.50 (145.03) | 0.82 | 164.08 (194.95) | 65.58 (83.14) | 0.13 |
| Adult spoken frequency | 291.72 (368.44) | 245.93 (466.46) | 0.55 | 604.42 (495.21) | 304.25 (341.03) | 0.10 |
| Word length (letters) | 4.28 (0.74) | 4.30 (0.79) | 0.91 | 4.17 (0.83) | 4.58 (0.90) | 0.25 |
| PLD | 1.29 (0.29) | 1.23 (0.29) | 0.27 | 1.23 (0.31) | 1.31 (0.30) | 0.53 |
| OLD | 1.46 (0.30) | 1.47 (0.30) | 0.90 | 1.46 (0.37) | 1.58 (0.26) | 0.35 |
| Valence | 5.23 (1.75) | 5.30 (1.86) | 0.83 | 6.46 (0.74) | 5.65 (1.57) | 0.12 |
| Sound file length (ms) | 382.67 (53.03) | 395.65 (47.52) | 0.16 | 376.92 (52.32) | 384.50 (68.36) | 0.76 |
The high child-BOI low child-BOI words were a subset of the 60 high imageability words. BOI, body–object interaction; PLD, phonological Levenshtein distance; OLD, orthographic Levenshtein distance.