Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of a sample of individuals in rural south India by diagnostic category following an oral glucose tolerance test
| Characteristic | Normoglycemia (n = 591) | Pre-diabetes (n = 64) | Newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes (n = 53) | Diagnosed type 2 diabetes (n = 41) | p-value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptive characteristics | |||||
| Mean age | 46.2 ± 14.8 | 48.7 ± 14.1 | 50.5 ± 13.8 | 54.1 ± 12.1 | 0.001 |
| Women (%) | 55.0 | 59.4 | 47.1 | 53.7 | 0.61 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 4.0 | 23.1 ± 3.9 | 24.5 ± 4.6 | 25.3 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.077 | 0.90 ± 0.075 | 0.93 ± 0.10 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 25.6 | 36.5 | 49.1 | 57.5 | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 6.3 | 15.6 | 11.3 | 56.1 | <0.001 |
| Rurality index | 0.14 ± 0.94 | −0.55 ± 1.06 | −0.45 ± 1.07 | −0.63 ± 1.02 | <0.001 |
| Current tobacco consumer (%) | 38.7 | 42.6 | 56.6 | 14.6 | 0.037 |
| Muslim religion (%) | 2.5 | 4.7 | 9.4 | 12.2 | 0.001 |
| Wealth attributes | |||||
| Wealth index | 10.8 ± 4.5 | 11.9 ± 5.19 | 10.6 ± 5.2 | 11.6 ± 5.3 | 0.20 |
| Pucca housing (%) | 11.7 | 21.9 | 15.1 | 24.4 | 0.017 |
| In-house tap water (%) | 6.6 | 9.4 | 15.1 | 19.5 | 0.003 |
| Physical activity habits | |||||
| Physical Activity (h/day of moderate physical activity) | 4.37 ± 3.66 | 3.15 ± 3.55 | 1.88 ± 2.68 | 2.63 ± 3.62 | <0.001 |
| Sedentary time (h/day) | 4.26 ± 2.63 | 4.98 ± 3.17 | 5.67 ± 2.98 | 4.92 ± 2.51 | <0.001 |
| Television time (h/day) | 1.43 ± 1.26 | 1.80 ± 1.63 | 1.52 ± 1.44 | 1.17 ± 0.95 | 0.012 |
| Labour occupation (%) | 62.6 | 51.6 | 55.7 | 40.5 | 0.015 |
| Livestock ownership (%) | 45.1 | 29.7 | 26.4 | 34.1 | 0.002 |
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Current alcohol consumer (%) | 48.2 | 46.8 | 52.8 | 26.8 | 0.051 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2423.7 ± 758 | 2241.5 ± 671 | 2313.3 ± 618 | 2124.3 ± 504 | 0.003 |
| Carbohydrates (g/1000 kcal) | 180.1 ± 14.1 | 179.8 ± 14.0 | 176.7 ± 16.5 | 175.8 ± 17.1 | 0.14 |
| Protein (g/1000 kcal) | 25.6 ± 1.9 | 25.5 ± 1.9 | 25.7 ± 1.9 | 26.2 ± 1.7 | 0.25 |
| Total fat (g/1000 kcal) | 19.5 ± 5.4 | 19.5 ± 4.7 | 20.4 ± 5.2 | 20.7 ± 5.2 | 0.39 |
| Dietary fibre (g/1000 kcal) | 31.7 ± 11.9 | 32.6 ± 11.2 | 30.5 ± 11.2 | 31.5 ± 12.3 | 0.82 |
| Dairy products (g/1000 kcal) | 79.7 ± 69.7 | 71.1 ± 51.8 | 98.8 ± 68.4 | 89.1 ± 61.1 | 0.12 |
| Pulses and legumes (g/1000 kcal) | 27.3 ± 11.8 | 29.1 ± 10.7 | 26.7 ± 12.2 | 29.6 ± 10.7 | 0.41 |
| Meat and poultry (g/100 kcal)a | 3.16 ± 3.9 | 3.17 ± 3.8 | 3.34 ± 4.6 | 2.67 ± 3.22 | 0.86 |
| Fruits and vegetables (g/1000 kcal) | 76.2 ± 48.6 | 86.0 ± 57.2 | 73.3 ± 42.6 | 70 ± 32.2 | 0.23 |
| Refined grains (g/1000 kcal) | 159.5 ± 82.3 | 147.1 ± 76.9 | 136.7 ± 79.4 | 142.4 ± 72.6 | 0.14 |
a Meat and poultry intake was low due to the high rate of vegetarianism among the research population and the high relative cost of meat products in comparison to grain products