Table 1.
Associations between reproductive health and vaginal hygiene factors and the 1-year period prevalence of HPV infection by phylogenetic group in the Ludwig-McGill cohort study
| Variable | Subgenus 1a (n = 108) | Subgenus 2a (n = 495) | Subgenus 3a (n = 131) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORb | 95 % CI | ORb | 95 % CI | ORb | 95 % CI | |
| Reproductive Health Factors | ||||||
| Condom Use | ||||||
| Former vs. Never | 1.28 | 0.79, 2.07 | 0.90 | 0.71, 1.15 | 2.00 | 1.23, 3.24 |
| Current vs. Never | 1.43 | 0.83, 2.48 | 1.09 | 0.82, 1.45 | 2.00 | 1.15, 3.47 |
| Oral Contraceptives | ||||||
| < 6 years vs. Never | 1.25 | 0.66, 1.38 | 0.98 | 0.71, 1.35 | 1.40 | 0.83, 2.37 |
| 6+ years vs. Never | 1.23 | 0.60, 2.53 | 1.00 | 0.70, 1.43 | 0.62 | 0.32, 1.19 |
| Intrauterine Device | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 0.48 | 0.30, 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.62, 0.98 | 0.73 | 0.49, 1.08 |
| Tubal Sterilization | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 1.24 | 0.65, 1.36 | 0.84 | 0.59, 1.21 | 0.65 | 0.33, 1.30 |
| Contraceptive Injection | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 1.96 | 1.22, 3.16 | 1.34 | 1.00, 1.79 | 1.34 | 0.83, 2.17 |
| Natural Products | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | - | - | 0.37 | 0.13, 1.05 | 0.74 | 0.17, 3.20 |
| Vaginal Products | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | - | - | 0.82 | 0.37, 1.81 | 0.32 | 0.04, 2.40 |
| Genital Health and Hygiene Factors | ||||||
| Menstrual Cloth | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 0.54 | 0.32, 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.74, 1.18 | 1.02 | 0.68, 1.53 |
| Hygienic Tampon | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 1.49 | 0.87, 2.54 | 1.33 | 0.98, 1.81 | 1.30 | 0.79, 2.14 |
| Douching | ||||||
| Frequent vs. Infrequent | 1.20 | 0.53, 2.69 | 1.29 | 0.83, 2.00 | 0.11 | 0.02, 0.81 |
| Douching Products | ||||||
| Natural vs. None | 0.96 | 0.60, 1.54 | 0.92 | 0.72, 1.17 | 0.90 | 0.57, 1.41 |
| Medical vs. None | 1.09 | 0.23, 5.15 | 0.97 | 0.46, 2.06 | 2.75 | 0.98, 7.73 |
| Unknown vs. None | 1.18 | 0.27, 5.22 | 0.51 | 0.21, 1.21 | 2.92 | 1.20, 7.12 |
| Genital Discomfort | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 0.96 | 0.64, 1.45 | 0.96 | 0.78, 1.20 | 0.89 | 0.60, 1.31 |
| Recent Discomfort | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 0.99 | 0.65, 1.50 | 1.11 | 0.89, 1.38 | 1.22 | 0.84, 1.75 |
| Pain or Bleeding | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 2.83 | 0.59, 13.51 | 1.14 | 0.34, 3.75 | 0.91 | 0.12, 7.00 |
| Gynecologic Products | ||||||
| Antibiotic | ||||||
| Former vs. Never | 3.86 | 0.86, 17.34 | 0.83 | 0.51, 1.33 | 1.43 | 0.52, 3.97 |
| Current vs. Never | 5.95 | 1.14, 30.97 | 0.97 | 0.53, 1.79 | 1.84 | 0.56, 6.02 |
| Antifungal | ||||||
| Former vs. Never | 5.14 | 1.17, 22.52 | 1.10 | 0.70, 1.75 | 1.85 | 0.68, 5.02 |
| Current vs. Never | 1.64 | 0.22, 12.24 | 1.06 | 0.56, 2.02 | 1.74 | 0.49, 6.11 |
| Abrasion | ||||||
| Former vs. Never | - | - | 1.68 | 0.40, 7.72 | - | - |
| Current vs. Never | - | - | 1.10 | 0.08, 16.23 | - | - |
| External Products | ||||||
| Former vs. Never | 0.75 | 0.20, 2.84 | - | - | - | - |
| Current vs. Never | 1.36 | 0.48, 3.89 | - | - | - | - |
| Unknown Products | ||||||
| Former vs. Never | 2.82 | 0.64, 12.42 | 0.96 | 0.62, 1.49 | 2.21 | 0.81, 6.01 |
| Current vs. Never | 3.44 | 0.63, 18.68 | 1.10 | 0.60, 2.03 | 2.82 | 0.83, 9.53 |
| Home-made Products | ||||||
| Natural vs. None | 1.22 | 0.78, 1.92 | 0.91 | 0.72, 1.15 | 0.98 | 0.66, 1.47 |
| Medical vs. None | 0.80 | 0.27, 2.40 | 1.26 | 0.77, 2.04 | 0.76 | 0.29, 2.02 |
| Unknown vs. None | 2.75 | 0.53, 14.15 | 1.33 | 0.45, 3.91 | 5.33 | 1.80, 15.82 |
| Vaginal Health Characteristics | ||||||
| Cervical Ectropion | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 0.37 | 0.05, 2.77 | 0.89 | 0.42, 1.91 | 0.74 | 0.17, 3.10 |
| Gynecologic Surgery | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 2.05 | 1.11, 3.79 | 0.90 | 0.60, 1.37 | 0.89 | 0.42, 1.89 |
| Gynecologic Treatment/Infection | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 1.73 | 1.13, 2.65 | 1.17 | 0.92, 1.50 | 1.26 | 0.83, 1.89 |
| Previous Gynecologic Infection | ||||||
| HPV vs. None | 3.87 | 2.09, 7.14 | 2.02 | 1.27, 3.19 | 1.21 | 0.54, 2.71 |
| Non-HPV vs. None | 1.33 | 0.81, 2.19 | 1.03 | 0.78, 1.34 | 1.27 | 0.82, 1.97 |
| Cytology Observations | ||||||
| Bacterial Infection | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 1.28 | 0.63, 2.63 | 1.30 | 0.88, 1.91 | 1.31 | 0.68, 2.52 |
| Fungal Infection | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 1.25 | 0.61, 2.54 | 1.29 | 0.88, 1.87 | 1.48 | 0.83, 2.66 |
| General Inflammation | ||||||
| Yes vs. No | 2.10 | 1.37, 3.22 | 1.53 | 1.21, 1.94 | 1.12 | 0.74, 1.69 |
a Subgenus 1 (HPVs-6, 11, 32, 40, 42, 44, 54 and 55), Subgenus 2 (HPVs-16, 18, 26 31, 33–35, 39, 45, 51–53, 56, 58, 59, 66–70, 73 and 82) and Subgenus 3 (HPVs-57, 61, 62, 71, 72, 81, 83, 84 and 89) infections were determined based on the phylogenetic classification of HPV types
b Odds ratios were adjusted for age, lifetime number of sexual partners and empirical confounders (identified using a 5 % change in estimate strategy) such as race, marital status, education, age at first intercourse, age at menarche, number of pregnancies, smoking, alcohol drinking and years since last Pap smear