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Summary of intracellular molecular signaling pathways of leptin and their possible effects for central nervous system diseases. See text for more information. CREB, cAMP response element-binding; I/R, ischemia–reperfusion; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase, mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate; ObR, leptin receptor, UCP2, uncoupling protein-2.
