Table 2. Study characteristics.
| STUDY ID | INDEX TEST | COUNTRY | DESIGN | SETTING | SPECIALITY | CASE TYPE | CASES ANALYSED | INVESTIGATOR BACKGROUND | DATA ENTRY | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unique cases | Total | |||||||||
| Apkon 2005[29] | PKC | USA | RCT | Primary care | General practice | Real | 1902 | 1902 | Other | Unclear |
| Arene 1998[30] | QMR | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 40 | 80 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Bacchus 1994[31] | QMR | Canada | RCT | Hospital | General medicine | Simulated | 9 | 96 | Clinician | Prospective |
| Bankowitz 1989[32] | QMR | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 20 | 20 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Bavdekar 2005[49] | ISABEL | India | DAS | Hospital | Paediatrics | Real | 200 | 200 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Berner 1994[15] | DxPLAIN | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 63 | 63 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Berner 1994[15] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 63 | 63 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Berner 1994[15] | MEDITEL | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 63 | 63 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Berner 1994[15] | QMR | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 63 | 63 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Berner 1999[33] | QMR | USA | DAS | Unclear | Unclear | Simulated | 24 | 863 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Bond 2011[9] | ISABEL | USA | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Real | 20 | 20 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Bond 2011[9] | DxPLAIN | USA | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Real | 20 | 20 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Bond 2011[9] | DIAGNOSIS PRO | USA | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Real | 20 | 20 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Bond 2011[9] | PEPID | USA | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Real | 20 | 20 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Carlson 2011[34] | ISABEL | USA | DAS | Primary care | General practice | Simulated | 4 | 4 | Medical student | Retrospective |
| Elkin 2010[35] | DxPLAIN | USA | Observational study | Hospital | General medicine | Mixed | 323 | 323 | Clinician | Prospective |
| Elstein 1996[36] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 36 | 144 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Feldman 1991[50] | DxPLAIN | USA | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Mixed | 46 | 46 | N/A | Retrospective |
| Friedman 1999[19] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 36 | 1935 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Friedman 1999[19] | QMR | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 36 | 1935 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Gozum 1994 [51] | QMR | USA | DAS | Academic | General medicine | Real | 5 | 110 | Medical student | Retrospective |
| Gozum 1994 [51] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Academic | General medicine | Real | 5 | 110 | Medical student | Retrospective |
| Graber 2003[13] | QMR | USA | DAS | Hospital | Emergency medicine | Real | 25 | 25 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Graber 2003[13] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Hospital | Emergency medicine | Real | 25 | 25 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Graber 2008[37] | ISABEL | USA | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Real | 50 | 50 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Graber 2009[38] | ISABEL | USA | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Unclear | 3 | 33 | Medical student | Retrospective |
| Hammersley 1988[39] | MEDITEL | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 103 | 103 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Hammersley 1988[39] | DxPLAIN | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 103 | 103 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Heckerling 1991[20] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 50 | 100 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Lange 1997[40] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Simulated | 8 | 72 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Lau 1995[52] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 326 | 326 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Lemaire 1999[41] | QMR | Canada | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 154 | 308 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Li 1995[42] | ILIAD | USA | Observational study | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 20 | 80 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Lincoln 1991[53] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Mixed | 10 | 800 | Medical student | Retrospective |
| Miller 1982[54] | INTERNIST-I | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 19 | 43 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Miller 1986[43] | QMR | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 36 | 36 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Murphy 1996[21] | ILIAD | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 36 | 297 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Nelson 1985[44] | RECONSIDER | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 797 | 797 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Ramnarayan& Roberts 2006[22] | ISABEL | UK | DAS | Hospital | Paediatrics | Real | 24 | 751 | Clinician | Retrospective |
| Ramnarayan&Winrow 2006[23] | ISABEL | UK | DAS | Hospital | Paediatrics | Real | 104 | 104 | Clinician | Prospective |
| Ramnarayan& Tomlinson 2003 (Pt. 1)[55] | ISABEL | UK | DAS | Hospital | Paediatrics | Simulated | 99 | 99 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Ramnarayan& Tomlinson 2003 (Pt. 2)[55] | ISABEL | UK | DAS | Hospital | Paediatrics | Real | 87 | 87 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Ramnarayan 2007[45] | ISABEL | UK | DAS | Hospital | Emergency medicine | Real | 217 | 217 | Academic | Retrospective |
| Rodriguez-Gonzalez 2012[56] | ML-DDSS | Spain | DAS | Unclear | General medicine | Unclear | 20 | 60 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Waxman 1990 (retrospective)[46] | MEDITEL | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 30 | 30 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Waxman 1990 (prospective)[46] | MEDITEL | USA | DAS | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 51 | 51 | Unclear | Prospective |
| Wexler 1975[47] | MEDITEL | UK | DAS | Hospital | Paediatrics | Real | 67 | 50 | Unclear | Retrospective |
| Wolf 1997[48] | ILIAD | USA | Observational study | Hospital | General medicine | Real | 136 | 136 | Clinician | Retrospective |