Table 1. Characteristics of Chinese and non-Chinese at cohort entry.
| Unmatched | Matched | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Non-Chinese | Chinese | Non-Chinese | |||||
| N = 20,598 (%) | N = 605,175 (%) | Standardized Difference * | N = 19,033 (%) | N = 57,099 (%) | Standardized Difference * | |||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 73.6 ± 6.3 | 73.8 ± 6.5 | 3% | 73.3 ± 6.0 | 73.3 ± 6.0 | 0% | ||
| Women | 11,094 (54) | 318,527 (53) | 2% | 10,260 (54) | 30,780 (54) | 0% | ||
| Income Quintile † | ||||||||
| One (lowest) | 4,489 (22) | 118,328 (20) | 6% | 4,025 (21) | 12,075 (21) | 0% | ||
| Two | 4,919 (24) | 127,257 (21) | 7% | 4,490 (24) | 13,796 (24) | 1% | ||
| Three (middle) | 3,923 (19) | 119,207 (20) | 2% | 3,711 (19) | 11,072 (19) | 0% | ||
| Four | 3,854 (19) | 118,085 (20) | 2% | 3,622 (19) | 10,752 (19) | 1% | ||
| Five (highest) | 3,362 (16) | 120,476 (20) | 9% | 3,185 (17) | 9,404 (16) | 1% | ||
| Rural Residence | 162 (1) | 87,397 (14) | 53% | 154 (1) | 630 (1) | 3% | ||
| Long-term Care Facility | 483 (2) | 13970 (2) | 0.2% | 402 (2) | 827 (1) | 5% | ||
| Year of Cohort Entry ‡ | ||||||||
| 2002–2003 | 3,183 (15) | 110,941 (18) | 8% | 3052 (16) | 9,156 (16) | 0% | ||
| 2004–2005 | 3,663 (18) | 120,927 (20) | 6% | 3,443 (18) | 10,329 (18) | 0% | ||
| 2006–2007 | 4,007 (19) | 110,266 (18) | 3% | 3,616 (19) | 10,848 (19) | 0% | ||
| 2008–2009 | 3,838 (19) | 106,714 (18) | 3% | 3,473 (18) | 10,410 (18) | 0% | ||
| 2010–2011 | 3,962 (19) | 102,268 (17) | 6% | 3,656 (19) | 10,968 (19) | 0% | ||
| 2012 | 1,945 (9) | 54,090 (9) | 2% | 1,796 (9) | 5,388 (9) | 0% | ||
| Health care use § | ||||||||
| Hospital discharge in the two days prior | 897 (4) | 60,918 (10) | 22% | 822 (4) | 2,332 (4) | 1% | ||
| Cardiologist visits | ||||||||
| 0 | 13,348 (65) | 334,923 (55) | 19% | 12,443 (65) | 36,689 (64) | 2% | ||
| 1 | 1,210 (6) | 32,991 (5) | 2% | 1,120 (6) | 3,573 (6) | 2% | ||
| 2 | 1,065 (5) | 39,043 (6) | 5% | 9,72 (5) | 3,287 (6) | 3% | ||
| ≥3 | 4,975 (24) | 198,218 (33) | 19% | 4,498 (24) | 13,550 (24) | 0% | ||
| Family physician visits | ||||||||
| 0 | 582 (3) | 21,030 (3) | 4% | 565 (3) | 1,933 (3) | 2% | ||
| 1 | 436 (2) | 18,127 (3) | 6% | 423 (2) | 1,638 (3) | 4% | ||
| 2 | 609 (3) | 23,206 (4) | 5% | 577 (3) | 2,279 (4) | 5% | ||
| ≥3 | 18,971 (92) | 542,812 (90) | 8% | 17,468 (92) | 51,249 (90) | 7% | ||
| Hospitalizations | ||||||||
| 0 | 16,813 (82) | 414,679 (69) | 31% | 15,551 (82) | 45,896 (80) | 3% | ||
| 1 | 2,569 (12) | 116,362 (19) | 19% | 2,364 (12) | 8,053 (14) | 5% | ||
| 2 | 841 (4) | 45,439 (8) | 15% | 7,82 (4) | 2,287 (4) | 1% | ||
| ≥3 | 375 (2) | 28,695 (5) | 16% | 3,36 (2) | 863 (2) | 2% | ||
| ER visits | ||||||||
| 0 | 17,044 (83) | 382,661 (63) | 45% | 15,750 (83) | 46,171 (81) | 5% | ||
| 1 | 2,523 (12) | 132,761 (22) | 26% | 2,340 (12) | 8,202 (14) | 6% | ||
| 2 | 678 (3) | 47,828 (8) | 20% | 635 (3) | 1,930 (3) | 0% | ||
| ≥3 | 353 (2) | 41,925 (7) | 26% | 308 (2) | 796 (1) | 2% | ||
| Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) | 283 (1) | 23,632 (4) | 16% | 275 (1) | 769 (1) | 1% | ||
| Holter monitoring | 1,067 (5) | 43,793 (7) | 9% | 993 (5) | 3,022 (5) | 0% | ||
| Cardiac Stress Test | 1,941 (9) | 85,821 (14) | 15% | 1,823 (10) | 5,191 (9) | 2% | ||
| Echocardiography | 3,503 (17) | 13,4553 (22) | 13% | 3,160 (17) | 9,211 (16) | 1% | ||
| Pulmonary function test | 1,099 (5) | 50,967 (8) | 12% | 1,049 (6) | 3,087 (5) | 1% | ||
| Cholesterol test | 17,106 (83) | 444,422 (73) | 23% | 15,722 (83) | 47,540 (83) | 2% | ||
| Co-morbidities || | ||||||||
| Charlson comorbidity index # | ||||||||
| 0 | 17,927 (87) | 468,821 (77) | 25% | 16,652 (87) | 49,963 (88) | 0% | ||
| 1 | 1,176 (6) | 60,024 (10) | 16% | 1,108 (6) | 3,314 (6) | 0% | ||
| 2 | 742 (4) | 38,237 (6) | 13% | 671 (4) | 1,976 (3) | 0% | ||
| ≥3 | 753 (4) | 38,093 (6) | 12% | 602 (3) | 1,846 (3) | 0% | ||
| Johns Hopkins ACG score | ||||||||
| 0–4 | 10,312 (50) | 260,430 (43) | 14% | 9,718 (51) | 29,795 (52) | 2% | ||
| 5–9 | 8,697 (42) | 272,385 (45) | 6% | 7,912 (42) | 23,640 (41) | 0% | ||
| 10–14 | 1,497 (7) | 65,918 (11) | 13% | 1,329 (7) | 3,472 (6) | 4% | ||
| ≥15 | 92 (0.4) | 6,442 (1) | 7% | 74 (0.4) | 192 (0.3) | 1% | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1,232 (6) | 34,428 (6) | 1% | 732 (4) | 2,196 (4) | 0% | ||
| Major cancer ** | 1,297 (6) | 61,331 (10) | 14% | 1,207 (6) | 3,772 (7) | 1% | ||
| Coronary artery disease†† | 3,309 (16) | 175,078 (29) | 31% | 2,885 (15) | 8,655 (15) | 0% | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 70 (0.3) | 9,010 (1) | 12% | 53 (0.3) | 380 (1) | 6% | ||
| Diabetes‡‡ | 5,356 (26) | 134,439 (22) | 9% | 4,813 (25) | 14,583 (26) | 1% | ||
| Chronic liver disease | 1,263 (6) | 12,219 (2) | 21% | 762 (4) | 2,209 (4) | 1% | ||
| Stroke/TIA | 601 (3) | 26,045 (4) | 7% | 559 (3) | 1,329 (2) | 4% | ||
| Heart failure | 963 (5) | 61,069 (10) | 21% | 834 (4) | 2,544 (4) | 0% | ||
| Sepsis | 260 (1) | 10,025 (2) | 3% | 220 (1) | 576 (1) | 1% | ||
| Hypertension | 11,360 (55) | 383,613 (63) | 17% | 10,291 (54) | 31,381 (55) | 2% | ||
| Angina | 1,669 (8) | 114,145 (19) | 32% | 1,587 (8) | 4,356 (8) | 3% | ||
| Arrhythmia | 580 (3) | 39,899 (7) | 18% | 508 (3) | 1,564 (3) | 0% | ||
| Medications §§ | ||||||||
| ACE Inhibitors | 5,066 (25) | 253,669 (42) | 37% | 4,838 (25) | 14,004 (25) | 2% | ||
| ARBs | 5,445 (26) | 95,466 (16) | 26% | 4,572 (24) | 14,187 (25) | 2% | ||
| Beta blockers | 5,120 (25) | 198,080 (33) | 17% | 4,616 (24) | 13,421 (24) | 2% | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 6,969 (34) | 170,265 (28) | 12% | 6,047 (32) | 18,584 (33) | 2% | ||
| Loop diuretics | 873 (4) | 60,254 (10) | 22% | 718 (4) | 2,378 (4) | 2% | ||
| Potassium sparing diuretics | 506 (2) | 33,360 (6) | 16% | 477 (3) | 1,475 (3) | 0% | ||
| NSAIDs | 3,216 (16) | 108,378 (18) | 6% | 2,964 (16) | 10,176 (18) | 6% | ||
| Thiazide diuretics | 2,576 (13) | 121,829 (20) | 21% | 2,438 (13) | 7,558 (13) | 1% | ||
| Anticholinergics | 543 (3) | 27,886 (5) | 11% | 483 (3) | 1,577 (3) | 1% | ||
| Corticosteroids | 892 (4) | 29,894 (5) | 3% | 819 (4) | 2,364 (4) | 1% | ||
| Beta2-agonists | 1,307 (6) | 62,033 (10) | 14% | 1,203 (6) | 3,757 (7) | 1% | ||
| Amiodarone | 150 (1) | 9,320 (2) | 8% | 133 (1) | 343 (1) | 1% | ||
| Cyclosporine | 13 (0.1) | 209 (0.0) | 1% | 9 (0.0) | 22 (0.0) | 0% | ||
| Warfarin | 796 (4) | 47,906 (8) | 17% | 721 (4) | 2,114 (4) | 0% | ||
| Antidepressants | 901 (4) | 65,249 (11) | 24% | 846 (4) | 2,570 (5) | 0% | ||
| Levothyroxine | 1,155 (6) | 73,777 (12) | 23% | 1,098 (6) | 3,330 (6) | 0% | ||
| Quetiapine | 67 (0.3) | 3,803 (0.6) | 4% | 63 (0.3) | 231 (0.4) | 1% | ||
| Riseperidone | 80 (0.4) | 3,962 (0.7) | 4% | 69 (0.4) | 239 (0.4) | 1% | ||
| Olanzapine | 67 (0.3) | 3,252 (0.6) | 3% | 62 (0.3) | 217 (0.4) | 1% | ||
| Statin daily dose, median [IQR], mg | ||||||||
| Atorvastatin | 10 [10–20] | 10 [10–20] | 10 [10–20] | 10 [10–20] | ||||
| Rosuvastatin | 5 [5–10] | 10 [10–10] | 5 [5–10] | 5 [5–10] | ||||
| Simvastatin | 20 [10–20] | 20 [10–40] | 20 [10–20] | 20 [10–20] | ||||
| Rosuvastatin starting dose |||| | ||||||||
| 0 - <5 mg/day | 195 (0.9) | 2,018 (0.3) | 158 (0.9) | 298 (0.5) | ||||
| 5 - <10 mg/day | 3,594 (17) | 43,137 (7) | 3,075 (16.2) | 8,350 (14.6) | ||||
| 10 - <15 mg/day | 11,128 (54) | 306,722 (51) | 10,491 (55.1) | 31,003 (54.3) | ||||
| 15 - <20 mg/day | 50 (0.2) | 1,103 (0.2) | 47 (0.3) | 96 (0.2) | ||||
| ≥20 mg/day | 5,631 (27) | 252,195 (42) | 5262 (27.7) | 17,352 (30.4) | ||||
Abbreviations: TIA, transient ischemic attack; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACG, adjusted clinical groups; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.
* Standardized differences are less sensitive to sample size than traditional hypothesis tests. They provide a measure of the difference between groups divided by the pooled standard deviation; a value greater than 10% is interpreted as a meaningful difference between the groups.
† Income was categorized into fifths of average neighborhood income on the index date.
‡ The date of cohort entry is also referred to as the index date.
§ Assessed by administrative database codes in the previous 1 year (unless otherwise specified).
|| Assessed by administrative database codes in the previous 3 years.
# Charlson comorbidity index [34, 35] was calculated using 3 years of hospitalization data. No prior hospitalizations received a score of 0.
** Major cancers include esophagus, lung, bowel, liver, pancreas, breast, male/female reproductive organs, as well as leukemia and lymphomas.
†† Coronary artery disease includes both diagnoses of angina and coronary artery revascularization.
‡‡ Assessed using prescriptions for diabetic medications.
§§ Assessed in the previous 120 days.
|||| Health Canada recommends a starting rosuvastatin dose of 5mg for individuals of Asian ethnicity.