Table 1. Routine venipuncture at glance.

Tools								Pain									Pre-analytics
> Torniquet								> Pre-procedural									> Pseudohyperkalemia
	o elastic lace									o trypanophobia								o torniquet
	o belt											§ vasovagal reaction							§ torniquet pressure (> 60 mm Hg)
> Needle													» distraction						§ venous stasis (> 1 min)
	o regular												» cough trick					o fist clenching
			§ 23 G					> Intra-procedural										o needle
			§ 21 G							o skin piercing									§ mechanical hemolisys
	o winged									o MACP										» bore size
			§ 23 G									§ distraction								» winged needle with tubing
			§ 21 G							o nerve injury								o collecting device
> Collecting device												§ LACN							§ syringe
	o piston syringe											§ MACN								»· aspiration force
	o evacuated tubes							> Post-procedural												» dispensing pressure
	o Sarstedt’s hybrid system									o compression									§ evacuated tube
> Disinfectant												§ hematoma								» vacuum pressure
	o alcoholic											§ pseudo-aneurism								» mixing shake
			§ ethanol									§ aneurism								» tube order
			§ isopropylic alcohol							o inflmmatory											◊ EDTA contamination
			§ chlorhexidine 2%									§ phlebitis										§ pseudohypocalcemia
	o non-alcoholic									o nerve injury							> Spurious hemolysis
			§ povidone-iodine									§ causalgia						o torniquet
			§ benzalkonium chloride																§ torniquet pressure (> 60 mm Hg)
> Anesthetic																			§ venous stasis (> 1 min)
	o chemical							Veins										o needle
			§ topic cream					> Site											§ mechanical hemolisys
			§ intradermic needless							o cubital fossa										» bore size
	o gate control-based											§ CV (type i, ii, iv)								» winged needle with tubing
			§ mechanical									§ BV (type i-iv)							§ traumatic venipuncture
				» high frequency								§ MABV (type i)						o collecting device
	o thermal											§ MCV (type ii)							§ syringe
			§ hot pad							o hand backside										» aspiration force
			§ cold spray					> Search												» dispensing pressure
										o torniquet									§ evacuated tube
										o transillumination										» excessive vacuum pressure
								> Characteristic												» excessive mixing shake
										o elevation							> Haemoconcentration
										o depth								o torniquet pressure (> 60 mm Hg)
										o cross section area								o venous stasis (> 1 min)

Roots (>) are main topics, branches (o) are relevant issues and sub-items (§, », ◊) are details.
MACP - motivational anticipatory cortical process; LACN - lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve; MACN - medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve; CV - cephalic vein; BV - basilic vein; MABV - median antebrachial vein; MCV - median cubital vein. Variations in vein distribution and connections are classified as types i to iv (see Figure 3).