Alternating frequencies of 80 Hz and 20 Hz were used to fatigue the muscles intermittently for 5 minutes, with a periodicity of one second. The periodicity, or interval between stimulations, was then extended to one minute to allow force recovery in the absence and presence of 5 mM caffeine. A and B) EDL fatigue and recovery, respectively, using the low stimulatory frequency of 20 Hz. D) EDL fatigue and recovery, respectively using the high frequency of 80 Hz. E and F) Soleus fatigue and recovery, respectively, using the low stimulatory frequency of 20 Hz (@ denotes P = 0.049). G and H) Soleus fatigue and recovery, respectively, using the high frequency of 80 Hz. (EDL: Control-n = 22 muscles, HMB-n = 23 muscles, β-alanine-n = 24 muscles, HMB + β-alanine-n = 24 muscles. SOL: Control-n = 22 muscles, HMB-n = 24 muscles, β-alanine-n = 24 muscles, HMB + β-alanine-n = 22 muscles).