TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Participants by CKD status
| No CKD* | CKD* | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 274 | 60 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 71 (6) | 78 (7) | <0.001 |
| Female | 177 (65%) | 48 (80%) | 0.02 |
| Race | 0.09 | ||
| White | 169 (62%) | 34 (57%) | - |
| Black | 30 (11%) | 13 (22%) | - |
| Hispanic | 37 (14%) | 10 (17%) | - |
| Asian | 29 (12%) | 2 (3%) | - |
| Medical History | |||
| Hypertension | 124 (45%) | 45 (75%) | <0.001 |
| Taking blood pressure medication(s) | 136 (50%) | 47 (78%) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes | 25 (9%) | 12 (20%) | 0.02 |
| Cardiovascular disease § | 24 (9%) | 10 (17%) | 0.07 |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease § | 221 (81%) | 55 (92%) | 0.04 |
| Alcohol use ^ | 198 (73%) | 30 (50%) | 0.001 |
| Tobacco use ^ | 85 (31%) | 23 (38%) | 0.3 |
| Measurements | |||
| estimated GFR (CKD-EPI cystatin) | 85 (14) | 47 (10) | <0.001 |
| estimated GFR (CKD-EPI creatinine) | 78 (13) | 58 (16) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.7 (4.9) | 29.9 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Mean in-clinic systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140 (16) | 145 (16) | 0.02 |
| Mean in-clinic diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 (9) | 71 (10) | 0.002 |
| Mean in-clinic pulse pressure (mmHg) | 64 (12) | 74 (14) | <0.001 |
| Mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126 (12) | 129 (14) | 0.1 |
| Mean 24-hour diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 (7) | 69 (9) | <0.001 |
| Mean 24-hour pulse pressure (mmHg) | 53 (10) | 61 (12) | <0.001 |
| Systolic dipping (%) | 11 (7) | 9 (10) | 0.03 |
| Dipper± | 168 (61%) | 27 (45%) | 0.02 |
| Abnormal Epworth Sleep Score | 26 (9%) | 11 (18%) | 0.05 |
| AASI | 0.5 (0.13) | 0.55 (0.15) | 0.01 |
| ARV | 10.6 (2) | 11.2 (1.9) | 0.02 |
| Urine microalbumin:creatinine (mg/mmol), median | 18 (11, 34) | 23 (11, 32) | 0.3 |
Values are the means (SD) or n (%) unless otherwise stated
*
CKD = eGFR < 60 mL/min using CKD-EPIcys
§
history of myocardial infarction, heart failure or stroke ***
^
history of any alcohol or tobacco use, respectively ***
±
diurnal variation in SBP ≥ 10%