Table 4.
Comparison of Nutrient Intake compared to Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) among Mothers of Children with an FASD, and Alcohol-Exposed and Unexposed Controls, WCP, South Africa
| EAR+ | All women1 (n=205) % less than EAR |
Mothers of Children with FASD (n=57) % less than EAR |
Mothers of Exposed Controls (n=57) % less than EAR |
Mothers of Unexposed Controls (n=106) % less than EAR |
p- value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A (retinol equiv)(mcg) | 550 | 68.3 | 63.2 | 73.8 | 68.9 | .522 |
| Vitamin D (mcg) | 10 | 91.7 | 80.7 | 95.2 | 96.2 | .002 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 12 | 97.6 | 94.7 | 97.6 | 99.1 | .234 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 70 | 83.4 | 75.4 | 85.7 | 86.8 | .161 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.2 | 58.5 | 54.4 | 54.8 | 62.3 | .533 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.2 | 59.5 | 54.4 | 61.9 | 61.3 | .649 |
| Niacin (mg) | 14 | 48.3 | 40.4 | 47.6 | 52.8 | .210 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.6 | 88.8 | 86.0 | 83.3 | 92.5 | .208 |
| Total Folate (mcg) | 520 | 96.6 | 96.5 | 97.6 | 96.2 | .914 |
| Vitamin B12 (mcg) | 2.2 | 56.1 | 43.9 | 66.7 | 58.5 | .060 |
| Calcium (mg) | 800 | 92.7 | 94.7 | 85.7 | 94.3 | .150 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 580 | 48.8 | 40.4 | 45.2 | 54.7 | .293 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 290 | 97.1 | 93.0 | 97.6 | 99.1 | .088 |
| Iron (mg) | 22 | 99.5 | 100 | 97.6 | 100 | .142 |
| Zinc (mg) | 9.5 | 88.8 | 86.0 | 95.2 | 87.7 | .312 |
| Selenium (mcg) | 49 | 28.8 | 24.6 | 31.0 | 30.2 | .655 |
1
All women category is excluded from the chi-square comparisons.
+
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for pregnant women, aged 19–30, used for: carbohydrate, protein, vitamin A, C, D, E, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, and selenium.