Table 4. Comparison of post-operative pain degrees between the groups of subxiphoid and standard intercostal uniportal procedures.

Time point	Pain scores	Mann-Whitney U test	P
8 hours after surgery	Subxiphoid: 2.39±0.99; intercostal uniportal: 3.4±1.16	238.5	0.001
1 day after surgery	Subxiphoid: 2.06±0.85; intercostal uniportal: 3.17±0.99	201.5	<0.001
2 days after surgery	Subxiphoid: 1.68±0.87; intercostal uniportal: 2.8±0.89	183	<0.001
3 days after surgery	Subxiphoid: 1.29±0.78; intercostal uniportal: 2.2±0.89	217.5	<0.001
Before discharge	Subxiphoid: 0.48±0.51; intercostal uniportal: 1.43±0.90	189.5	<0.001