Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study groups.
| Group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HS | SMC | MCI | AD | ||
| (n = 40) | (n = 24) | (n = 20) | (n = 34) | ||
| Age (mean ± SD, range, y) | 65.53 ± 6.37 | 68.04 ± 8.05 | 68.30 ± 7.75 | 72.44 ± 7.48 | |
| (57 to 87) | (54 to 87) | (54 to 84) | (54 to 84) | ||
| Gender (n, %) | Male | 15; 37.5% | 10; 41.7% | 4; 20% | 9; 26.5% |
| Female | 25; 62.5% | 14; 58.3% | 16; 80% | 25; 73.5% | |
| Education level (mean ± SD, range,y) | 12.75 ± 3.16 | 12.00 ± 3.54 | 9.75 ± 3.86 | 8.65 ± 4.47 | |
| (5 to 18) | (5 to 18) | (5 to 17) | (3 to 18) | ||
| BMI (mean ± SD, range, Kg/m2) | 29.09 ± 4.28 | 26.98 ± 3.47 | 27.97 ± 3.53 | 25.76 ± 5.51 | |
| (22.04 to 39.91) | (21.78 to 34.10) | (21.36 to 34.34) | (17.87 to 37.55) | ||
| MMSE (mean ± SD, range) | 29.57 ± 0.75 | 29.6 ± 0.94 | 26.28 ± 3.99 | 12.31 ± 8.15 | |
| (27 to 30) | (27 to 30) | (24 to 30) | (0 to 23) | ||
| Medical History (n, %) | |||||
| Smokea | 10; 25.0% | 4; 16.7% | 4; 20.0% | 10; 29.4% | |
| Dyslipidemia | 12; 30.0% | 6; 25.0% | 5; 25.0% | 12; 35.3% | |
| Diabetes | 4; 10.0% | 3; 12.5% | 3; 15.0% | 7; 20.6% | |
| Hypertension | 17; 47.5% | 9; 37.5% | 10; 50% | 17; 50% | |
| Arrhythmia | 3; 7.5% | 2; 8.3% | 2; 10.0% | 2; 5.9% | |
| Myocardial infarction | 1; 2.5% | 3; 12.5% | 1; 5% | 4; 11.8% | |
| Heart failureb | 1; 2.5% | – | – | 2; 5.9% | |
| TIA/Stroke | – | 2; 8.3% | 1; 5.0% | 2; 5.9% | |
| Chronic kidney diseasec | – | – | – | 1; 2.9% | |
| Prior Tumors | 5; 12.5% | 4; 16.7% | 1; 5.0% | 3; 8.8% | |
| Drugs (n, %) | |||||
| Antihypertensive | 17; 40.0% | 9; 37.5% | 10; 50.0% | 17; 50.0% | |
| Diuretic | 7; 17.5% | 5; 20.8% | 4; 20.0% | 6; 17.6% | |
| Lipid-lowering | 7; 17.5% | 6; 25.0% | 3; 15.0% | 5; 14.7% | |
| Hypoglycemic | 4; 10.0% | 3; 12.5% | 3; 15.0% | 5; 14.7% | |
| Antiplatelet | 5; 12.5% | 5; 20.8% | 2; 10.0% | 8; 23.5% | |
| Supplements containing metals | 6; 15.0% | 5; 20.8% | 3; 15.0% | 5; 14.7% | |
acurrent or former smoker.
bsubjects in NYHA (New York Heart Association) class I-II.
csubjects with glomerular filtration rate 60 mL/min/1.73m2>(GFR)>30 mL/min/1.73m2; –, none; AD, Alzheimer disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; SMC, subjective memory complaint; HS, healthy subjects; BMI, Body mass index; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; TIA, transient ischemic attack.