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. 2016 Jan 30;17(2):187. doi: 10.3390/ijms17020187

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Impaired heart function in Atrogin-1-deficient embryos. (A) Fractional shortening (FS) measurements of the ventricular chambers of Atrogin-1 morphants and embryos injected with control Morpholino at 48 and 72 hpf; (B) Heart beat per minute of MO1-control compared to MO1-atrogin-1 injected embryos measured at 48 and 72 hpf. Data represent means ± SD, student´s t-test, *** p< 0.0001 (A,B); (C–F) Whole-mount antisense RNA in situ hybridization against atrial myosin heavy chain (amhc) and ventricular myosin heavy chain (vmhc) demonstrates unaltered mRNA expression in Atrogin-1 morphants at 48 hpf, scale bar = 50 µm; (G,H) H&E-stained sagittal histological sections shows normal heart morphology in MO1-control and MO1-atrogin-1 morphant hearts at 72 hpf. Atrium (A), ventricle (V), myocardium (Myo), atrio-ventricular canal (AVC) and outflow tract (OFT), scale bar = 50 µm.