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. 2016 Feb 6;17(2):225. doi: 10.3390/ijms17020225

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immune response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). TLR: toll-like receptor; CD14: CD14 molecule; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; Th: lymphocyte T helper; IL1R: interleukin 1 receptor; TNFR: tumor necrosis factor receptor; IL23R: interleukin 23 receptor; IFN: interferon; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: ulcerative colitis; ↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation; *: regulation Th1 and Th17; →: stimulation; ⊥: inhibition.