Table 1.

Compilation of herbs and herbal products commonly used in Mexico. This table illustrates examples of medicinal plants commonly used in Mexico, their popular names, cultural uses, and active compounds. It showcases the complexity of herbal products and the challenging facets of their toxicity.

Medical Plant	Popular Names	Cultural Uses	Active Components	Side Effects
Scoparia dulcis L. (Maidenhair) [4]	Anisillo, candejilla, epazote bush, epazote sea grass blow, lentejilla; Michoacan: mishishe (Nahua); Nayarit: golpesal (Heart); Oaxaca: nax podeey (Mixe).	Diarrhea and stomach pain, toothache	Flavonoids apigenin, deflavona hexahydroxy -glucuronide, himenoxín, linarín, luteolin, glycoside; saponaretín, escutelarín, methyl ester, vitexin vicenín; dulcinol diterpenes, escopaduline acids A and B, escopaduline, escopariol; α-amyrin triterpenes, betulinic acid, dulcioico, friedelin	Hepatotoxicity
Citrus aurantium L. (Citrus orange) [4]	Orange, orange leaves, lemon, monument, orange, sour orange, sour orange, orange doghouse, orange Castile, cucho orange, orange, sour orange, bitter orange. Morelos: naranjaxocotl; Oaxaca: cajel, ma ji gui ruu, suuikh, tsuiky; Puebla: chichicarajas (Nahua), ixcapehto (Otomi), skeja Lasus (Totonac), Skaja laxux, xocot; Quintana Roo: cituhuk, pakal dzut, suut’spak‘aal (Maya); Veracruz: tsotso; San Luis Potosi; tdimalon lanash, kaxiy lanash (tenek)	Dysentery, stomach pain, abortion, asthma, colds, fever	Monoterpenes camphene, geraniol, limonene and linalool; methyl anthranilate and Citra, flavonoids, Rhamno-glycosides hesperidin, hesperidin glycosides, phenols; the sterols campesterol and β-sitosterol and carotenoid α-tocophero	Hepatotoxicity Teratogenicity
Prunus persica L. (Peach) [4]	San Luis Potosí: tulasnu (tenek)	Antiparasitic, dysentery, stomach pain	Epigalato of catechin, the diglucosides of kaempferol and quercetin, and the sterol β-sitosterol	Hepatotoxicity
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) [4,23]	Michoacan: romeru	Stomach pain, biliary colic, cold	1,8-cineol monoterpenes, bornyl acetate, camphor, α- and β-pinene, α-terpineol, nerol, geraniol, eugenol, nerolidol, slime-Neno, verbenol, myrcene	Hepatotoxicity
Equisetum hyemale L. (Horse tail) [4,23]	Carricillo. Estado de México: carrizo (mazahua); Michoacán: k uture (purhépecha); Sonora: cab’ bager (pima)	Abdominal pain, urinary tract infections	Carotenoids α- and β-carotene, lutein epoxide, licofíl, violaxantín and zeaxanthin	Hepatotoxicity
Tilia mexicana Schlechtendal (Tilia) [4]	Flordetila, flordetilia, tilia; Michoacán: sirimo (purhépecha), cirimo	Calm the nerves, menstrual pain	p-Coumaric acid, kaempferol, quercetin and terpenoid Constituents. Volatile oils, Including citral, citronellal, citronellol, eugenol, and limonene	Hepatotoxicity
Morus alba L. (White Mulberry) [4,23]	Moral, mora blanca, mora de tierra caliente, moran, moran hembra; Puebla: kimucucuk kiui (totonaco)	Muscle pain, respiratory diseases	Monoterpene geraniol limonene, linalool, acetate and α-pinene	Hepatotoxicity
Opuntia ficusindica (Nopal) [15,24]	Nopal, Cactus	Diabetes and others	Fibrous polysaccharide (fiber) and pectin	Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal fullness and headache
Mentha piperita (Peppermint) [15,24]	Mint	Gastrointestinal tract ailments and others	Acetaldehyde, amyl alcohol, menthyl esters, limone, pinene, phellandrene, cadinene, pugelone, and dimethyl sulfide, α-pinene, sabinene, terpinolene, ocimene, γ-terpinene, fenchene, α- and β-thujone, citronellol	Hepatotoxicity
Larrea divaricate (Chaparral) [15,25]	Governor, Creosote Bush, Greasewood, Hediondilla, Larreastat	Arthritis and others	Nordihydroguaiaretic acid	Hepatotoxicity
Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) [15,24]	Blowball dandelion, cankerwort, Common Dandelion, Dudal, Herba Taraxaci, Lion‘s Tooth	Hepatic and biliary ailments, viral and bacterial infections, cancer and others	Quercetin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-gluccoside, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, germacranolide acids, chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, and monocaffeyltartaric acid, scopoletin, aesculetin, aesculin, cichoriin, arnidiol, and faradiol, caffeic acid, taraxacoside, taraxasterol, inulin and high potassium content	Allergic reactions, palpitations, syncope and erythema multiform
Verbascum densiflorum (Mullein) [15,24]	Mullein, Aaron's Rod, Adam's Flannel, American Mullein, Orange Mullein, Rag Paper	Inflammatory ailments in respiratory tract and others	Harpagoside, harpagide, aucubin, hesperidin, verbascoside, saponins, and volatile oils	None reported
Matricaria recutita (Chamomile) [15,24]	Chamomile, Blue Chamomile, Camomilla, Camomille Allemande, Cham, Echte Kamille, Fleur de Camomile	Gastrointestinal tract ailments and others	Quercetin, apigenin, and coumarins, and the essential oils matricin, chamazulene, α bisaboloid, and bisaboloid oxides	Allergic reactions and conjunctivitis
Passiflora incarnate (Passion flower) [15,24]	Crown of Christ, Passion Flower, Madre Selva, Passionflower, Passiflore, passiflorine, Passionaria	Insomnia, and anxiety or nervousness	Flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and vitexin, harmine, harmaline, harmalol, harman, and harmin. Other constituents include maltol and ethyl maltol	Dizziness, confusion and ataxia; Vasculitis; nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, tachycardia; hepatic and pancreatic toxicity
Aloe vera (Aloe) [15,24]	Zabila, Aloe Vera, Aloe Latex, Aloe Perfoliata, Burn Plant, Elephant‘s Gall, Gvarapatha, Gvar Patha, Indian Aloe, and others	Gastrointestinal ailments, wound healing and others	Emodin anthrone, dithranol, chrysarobin, carboxypeptidase, magnesium lactate, C-glucosyl chromone, salicylate and allantoin. Aloe latex belongs to the anthraquinone family and contains a tricyclic anthracene nucleus	Decrease platelet aggregation; Prolong bleeding time; Diarrhea and loss of water and electrolytes