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. 2016 Feb 19;17(2):256. doi: 10.3390/ijms17020256

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram depicting the various pancreatic β cell differentiation protocols for healthy iPSCs (A) and/or DiPSCs (B). The iPSCs and DiPSC can be differentiated into insulin-secreting functional β cells through the stages, embryoid body (EB), definitive endoderm (DE), pancreatic gut tube (PGT), pancreatic progenitor (PP), posterior fore gut (PFG), multi-lineage progenitor (MP), spontaneous differentiation (SD), progenitor expansion (PE), pancreatic differentiation (PD), NKX6-1⁺/C-peptide⁺ EN cells, stem cell-derived β (SC-β) cells, and/or pancreatic β-cells using specific transcription factors and small molecules. The following transcription factors, small molecules, and specific differentiation markers were used for the pancreatic β cell differentiation; EGF (epidermal growth factor), bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), NA butyrate (sodium butyrate), CHIR99021 (aGSK3β inhibitor), KGF (keratinocyte growth factor), RA (retinoic acid), SANT1 (a sonic hedgehog pathway antagonist), CMRL-supplement, PdBu (phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate; a PKC activator), LDN (LDN193189; a BMP pathway inhibitor), T3 (triiodothyronine; a thyroid hormone), Alk5i (ALK5 receptor inhibitor), FGF10 (fibroblast growth factor 10), CYC (cyclopamine; a Hh signaling pathway inhibitor), ILV (indolactam V; a PKC activator), SST (somatostatin; somatotropin (growth hormone) release–inhibiting hormone), GCG (glucagon), INS (insulin), HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), DAPT (a γ-secretase (NOTCH signaling pathway) inhibitor), GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1), LP1 (synaptic membrane fractions), Nico (nicotinamide), FOXA2 (forkhead box protein A2), PAX4 (paired homeobox transcription factor 4), PAX 6 (paired homeobox transcription factor 6), NGN3 (neurogenin 3), HNF (hepatocyte nuclear factor), PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1); NKX6.1 (NK6 homeobox transcription factor related, locus 1), SOX17 (SRY-box 17), and NKX2.2 (NK2 homeobox transcription factor related, locus 2).