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RA acts synergistically with activating cytokines to induce production of IL-5 and IL-13 in human ILC2 cells. Concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 were measured in culture supernatants of ILC2 cells incubated with the indicated stimuli. Cytokine data were normalized to 2,000 ILCs per 200 μl culture volume. Combined data of seven independent experiments and subjects are shown. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 (cultures with cytokine + RA vs. cultures with cytokine alone).
