Table 1.
Population characteristics and factors associated with decreased renal function (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) among adults in a population survey in north‐western Tanzania, 2012–2013
| Total N (column %)a | Prevalence of eGFR < 60 (row %)a | Unadjusted OR (95% CI)b | Age‐, sex‐, and residence‐adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Residence | P = 0.11 | P = 0.12 | ||
| Mwanza city | 170 (16.3%) | 4 (2.4%) | 1 | 1 |
| District towns | 326 (31.3%) | 23 (7.1%) | 3.15 (0.97–10.27) | 3.37 (1.07–10.64) |
| Rural | 547 (52.4%) | 42 (7.7%) | 3.45 (1.09–10.89) | 2.96 (0.94–9.33) |
| Age group | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | ||
| <25 years | 293 (28.1%) | 10 (3.4%) | 1 | 1 |
| 25–34 years | 326 (31.3%) | 16 (4.9%) | 1.46 (0.68–3.15) | 1.45 (0.68–3.08) |
| 35–44 years | 167 (16.0%) | 12 (7.2%) | 2.19 (1.27–3.77) | 2.16 (1.27–3.66) |
| ≥45 years | 257 (24.6%) | 31 (12.1%) | 3.88 (2.18–6.90) | 3.82 (2.16–6.74) |
| Sex | P = 0.34 | P = 0.52 | ||
| Male | 477 (45.7%) | 35 (7.3%) | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 566 (54.3%) | 34 (6.0%) | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | 0.87 (0.57–1.34) |
| Education | P = 0.12 | P = 0.76 | ||
| Secondary or above | 191 (18.3%) | 9 (4.7%) | 1 | 1 |
| Completed primary | 491 (47.1%) | 29 (5.9%) | 1.27 (0.55–2.94) | 0.91 (0.38–2.20) |
| None/incomplete primary | 361 (34.6%) | 31 (8.6%) | 1.90 (0.90–4.03) | 1.12 (0.47–2.66) |
| Marital status | P = 0.06 | P = 0.49 | ||
| Married/living as married | 674 (64.6%) | 45 (6.7%) | 1 | 1 |
| Divorced/sep/widowed | 163 (15.6%) | 17 (10.4%) | 1.63 (0.90–2.94) | 1.46 (0.78–2.71) |
| Single | 206 (19.8%) | 7 (3.4%) | 0.49 (0.22–1.12) | 0.85 (0.24–3.03) |
| Income per monthc | P = 0.30 | P = 0.18 | ||
| Upper tertile (64 + USD) | 251 (25.6%) | 13 (5.2%) | 1 | 1 |
| Middle tertile (26–63 USD) | 262 (26.7%) | 22 (8.4%) | 1.68 (0.86–3.28) | 1.87 (0.95–3.69) |
| Lower tertile (<26 USD) | 469 (47.8%) | 30 (6.4%) | 1.25 (0.66–2.36) | 1.29 (0.65–2.58) |
| Items owned | P = 0.02 | P = 0.02 | ||
| 5+ | 262 (25.1%) | 24 (9.2%) | 1 | 1 |
| 2–4 | 668 (64.0%) | 35 (5.2%) | 0.55 (0.36–0.84) | 0.54 (0.35–0.83) |
| 0–1 | 113 (10.8%) | 10 (8.8%) | 0.96 (0.43–2.15) | 0.80 (0.33–1.91) |
| Behavioural | ||||
| Smoking | P = 0.18 | P = 0.89 | ||
| Never smoked | 856 (82.1%) | 52 (6.1%) | 1 | 1 |
| Ex–smoker | 79 (7.6%) | 8 (10.1%) | 1.74 (0.91–3.35) | 1.17 (0.60–2.29) |
| Current smoker | 108 (10.4%) | 9 (8.3%) | 1.41 (0.62–3.19) | 0.94 (0.38–2.31) |
| Alcohol consumption | P = 0.34 | P = 0.57 | ||
| Never drinks | 669 (64.1%) | 40 (6.0%) | 1 | 1 |
| None in past 12 months | 237 (22.7%) | 21 (8.9%) | 1.53 (0.84–2.80) | 1.15 (0.60–2.23) |
| Drinking in past 12 months | 137 (13.1%) | 8 (5.8%) | 0.98 (0.38–2.52) | 0.71 (0.28–1.80) |
| Eats fruit/veg less than 5 days/week | P = 0.05 | P = 0.11 | ||
| No | 771 (73.9%) | 58 (7.5%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 272 (26.1%) | 11 (4.0%) | 0.52 (0.27–1.00) | 0.58 (0.30–1.14) |
| Days of vigorous physical activity/weekd | P = 0.26 | P = 0.07 | ||
| 5+ | 500 (48.0%) | 28 (5.6%) | 1 | 1 |
| 1–4 | 135 (13.0%) | 8 (5.9%) | 1.06 (0.50–2.27) | 1.31 (0.60–2.85) |
| None | 407 (39.1%) | 33 (8.1%) | 1.49 (0.88–2.52) | 1.81 (1.09–3.00) |
| Clinical | ||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) category (kg/m2)e | P = 0.61 | P = 0.83 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 109 (10.5%) | 11 (10.1%) | 1.73 (0.69–4.29) | 1.52 (0.62–3.77) |
| Normal (18.5–<25) | 737 (71.0%) | 45 (6.1%) | 1 | 1 |
| Overweight (25–<30) | 123 (11.8%) | 8 (6.5%) | 1.07 (0.57–2.02) | 0.97 (0.49–1.91) |
| Obese (≥30) | 69 (6.6%) | 5 (7.2%) | 1.20 (0.51–2.81) | 0.92 (0.37–2.28) |
| Central Obesityf | P = 0.97 | P = 0.70 | ||
| No | 784 (75.2%) | 52 (6.6%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 259 (24.8%) | 17 (6.6%) | 0.99 (0.52–1.90) | 0.85 (0.38–1.94) |
| Hypertension | P = 0.003 | P = 0.11 | ||
| No | 863 (82.7%) | 46 (5.3%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 180 (17.3%) | 23 (12.8%) | 2.60 (1.41–4.78) | 1.84 (0.87–3.89) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| <120 | 448 (43.0%) | 23 (5.1%) |
P = 0.005 1.20 (1.06–1.36)i |
P = 0.14 1.12 (0.96–1.30)i |
| 120–140 | 445 (42.7%) | 28 (6.3%) | ||
| >140 | 150 (14.4%) | 18 (12.0%) | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| <80 | 748 (71.7%) | 40 (5.3%) |
P = 0.008 1.35 (1.09–1.68)h |
P = 0.13 1.22 (0.94–1.57)h |
| 80–90 | 210 (20.1%) | 16 (7.6%) | ||
| >90 | 85 (8.1%) | 13 (15.3%) | ||
| Diabetesg | P = 0.54 | P = 0.84 | ||
| No | 1031 (99.1%) | 67 (6.5%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 9 (0.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | 1.80 (0.26–12.24) | 1.21 (0.19–7.84) |
| HIV positiveh | P = 0.06 | P = 0.08 | ||
| No | 947 (91.6%) | 59 (6.2%) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 87 (8.4%) | 9 (10.3%) | 1.74 (0.99–3.06) | 1.68 (0.93–3.04) |
Actual number of respondents and proportions, without sampling weights applied.
Standard errors and 95% CI adjusted for clustering in survey design.
Missing for 61 participants.
Missing for one participant. Vigorous physical activity was defined as ‘activity that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate like carrying or lifting heavy loads, very brisk walking, digging or construction work for at least 10 min continuously’.
Missing for five participants.
Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference of >0.94 for women and waist circumference >0.80 for men.
Missing for three participants.
HIV diagnosis missing for nine participants.
OR for 10 unit mmHg increase in blood pressure, modelled as a linear association with continuous covariate.