Table 4.
Mean serum creatinine and eGFR, and prevalence of decreased renal function among adults in a population survey in north‐western Tanzania, 2012–2013
| Total Na | Mean eGFRa | Unadjusted regression coefficient (95% CI)b | Age, sex and residence‐adjusted regression coefficient (95% CI)b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Residence | P = 0.03 | P = 0.08 | |||
| Mwanza city | 170 | 114.9 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| District towns | 326 | 110.4 | −4.58 [−10.67, 1.50] | −5.89 [−10.94, −0.84] | |
| Rural | 547 | 107.2 | −7.75 [−13.64, −1.87] | −4.15 [−8.92, 0.62] | |
| Age group | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
| <25 years | 293 | 124.9 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| 25–34 years | 326 | 113.8 | −11.16 [−14.79, −7.53] | −11.13 [−14.69, −7.58] | |
| 35–44 years | 167 | 103.4 | −21.53 [−26.10, −16.96] | −21.76 [−26.31, −17.21] | |
| ≥45 years | 257 | 90.2 | −34.70 [−38.11, −31.29] | −34.87 [−38.32, −31.42] | |
| Sex | P = 0.97 | P = 0.18 | |||
| Male | 477 | 109.4 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| Female | 566 | 109.5 | 0.05 [−2.69, 2.79] | −1.56 [−3.87, 0.75] | |
| Education | P < 0.001 | P = 0.48 | |||
| Secondary or above | 191 | 116.1 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| Complete primary | 491 | 109.8 | −6.25 [−10.44, −2.06] | 1.33 [−2.65, 5.31] | |
| None/incomplete primary | 361 | 105.5 | −10.60 [−14.58, −6.62] | 2.83 [−1.83, 7.49] | |
| Marital status | P < 0.001 | P = 0.31 | |||
| Married/living as married | 674 | 107.4 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| Divorced/sep/widowed | 163 | 99.7 | −7.62 [−12.70, −2.55] | −1.53 [−5.80, 2.73] | |
| Single | 206 | 124.0 | 16.65 [12.29, 21.02] | 3.11 [−1.99, 8.21] | |
| Income per month | P = 0.64 | P = 0.18 | |||
| Upper tertile (64 + USD) | 251 | 108.0 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| Middle tertile (26–63 USD) | 262 | 109.1 | 1.12 [−3.71, 5.96] | 0.50 [−3.89, 4.89] | |
| Lower tertile (<26 USD) | 469 | 109.9 | 1.90 [−2.13, 5.92] | 2.69 [−0.85, 6.24] | |
| Items owned | P = 0.005 | P = 0.05 | |||
| 5+ | 262 | 108.3 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| 2–4 | 668 | 111.0 | 2.66 [−1.80, 7.13] | 3.94 [0.60, 7.27] | |
| 0–1 | 113 | 103.0 | −5.27 [−10.73, 0.20] | 0.28 [−4.48, 5.04] | |
| Behavioural | Adjusted regression coefficient (95% CI)b,c | ||||
| Smoking | P < 0.001 | P = 0.41 | P = 0.43 | ||
| Never smoked | 856 | 110.8 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Ex–smoker | 79 | 101.1 | −9.70 [−15.43, −3.97] | −1.20 [−5.51, 3.12] | −1.16 [−5.48, 3.16] |
| Current smoker | 108 | 105.1 | −5.69 [−11.07, −0.32] | 3.35 [−1.66, 8.36] | 3.16 [−1.80, 8.11] |
| Alcohol consumption | P = 0.004 | P = 0.91 | P = 0.82 | ||
| Never drinks | 669 | 111.4 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| None in past 12 months | 237 | 106.0 | −5.40 [−9.41, −1.39] | 0.16 [−3.66, 3.98] | 0.20 [−3.61, 4.02] |
| Drinking in past 12 months | 137 | 105.6 | −5.88 [−10.55, −1.20] | 0.83 [−3.08, 4.74] | 1.20 [−2.67, 5.07] |
| Eats fruit/veg less than 5 days/week | P = 0.08 | P = 0.98 | P = 0.72 | ||
| No | 771 | 108.7 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Yes | 272 | 111.6 | 2.88 [−0.37, 6.13] | 0.03 [−2.80, 2.85] | −0.49 [−3.29, 2.30] |
| Days of vigorous physical activity/week | P = 0.37 | P = 0.07 | P = 0.09 | ||
| 5+ | 500 | 109.6 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| 1–4 | 135 | 112.3 | 2.66 [−2.29, 7.62] | −1.82 [−6.34, 2.70] | −1.59 [−6.05, 2.88] |
| None | 407 | 108.3 | −1.33 [−4.81, 2.15] | −3.63 [−6.70, −0.55] | −3.42 [−6.53, −0.31] |
| Clinical | Adjusted regression coefficient (95% CI)b,d | ||||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) category (kg/m2) | P < 0.001 | P = 0.08 | P = 0.12 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 109 | 108.0 | −3.80 [−10.67, 3.06] | 0.78 [−4.82, 6.38] | 0.89 [−4.67, 6.46] |
| Normal (18.5–<25) | 737 | 111.8 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Overweight (25–<30) | 123 | 102.8 | −8.94 [−13.98, −3.90] | −3.75 [−8.69, 1.19] | −3.67 [−8.68, 1.34] |
| Obese (≥30) | 69 | 98.8 | −13.00 [−17.34, −8.66] | −4.69 [−8.70, −0.69] | −4.32 [−8.34, −0.29] |
| Central Obesity | P = 0.02 | P = 0.27 | P = 0.34 | ||
| No | 784 | 111.4 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Yes | 259 | 103.7 | −7.70 [−11.77, −3.63] | −2.30 [−6.46, 1.87] | −1.97 [−6.07, 2.13] |
| Hypertension | P < 0.001 | P = 0.03 | P = 0.05 | ||
| No | 863 | 112.2 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Yes | 180 | 96.2 | −16.00 [−20.52, −11.49] | −5.45 [−10.44, −0.46] | −4.85 [−9.62, −0.09] |
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||
| <120 mmHg | 448 | 114.4 |
P < 0.001 −3.72 [−4.68, −2.76]g |
P = 0.006 −1.52 [–2.58, −0.46]g |
P = 0.007 −1.48 [−2.52, −0.43]g |
| 120–140 mmHg | 445 | 109.2 | |||
| >140 mmHg | 150 | 95.4 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure | |||||
| <80 mmHg | 748 | 112.7 |
P < 0.001 −5.71 [−7.42, −4.01]g |
P = 0.03 −1.93 [−3.68, −0.17]g |
P = 0.04 −1.87 [–3.62, −0.11]g |
| 80–90 mmHg | 210 | 102.7 | |||
| >90 mmHg | 85 | 97.8 | |||
| Diabetese | P = 0.49 | P = 0.41 | P = 0.32 | ||
| No | 1031 | 109.6 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Yes | 9 | 102.9 | −6.66 [−26.03, 12.71] | 6.65 [−9.33, 22.62] | 7.68 [−7.75, 23.10] |
| HIV positivef | P = 0.30 | P = 0.40 | P = 0.31 | ||
| No | 947 | 109.6 | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| Yes | 87 | 106.8 | −2.73 [−8.03, 2.57] | 1.78 [−2.41, 5.96] | 2.09 [−2.00, 6.17] |
a
Actual number of respondents and means, without sampling weights applied.
b
Standard errors adjusted for clustering in survey design.
c
Behavioural factors adjusted for age, sex, location and all independent sociodemographic predictors of GFR: number of items owned.
d
Clinical factors adjusted for age, sex, location, number of items owned and independent behavioural predictors of GFR: days of vigorous physical activity/week.
e
Missing for three participants.
f
HIV diagnosis missing for nine participants.
g
Regression coefficient for 10 unit mmHg increase in blood pressure modelled as a linear association with continuous covariate.