Table 2.
Study characteristics in 1997–99 and 2008–11 among women
| GNHIES98a N = 3288 | DEGS1b N = 3458 | P b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean, years) | 46.2 (45.4–46.9) | 47.5 (46.8–48.2) | .870 | |
| Fasting duration (%) | <4 h | 27.6 (25.6–29.8) | 8.5 (7.4–9.8) | <.001 |
| 4–8 h | 42.1 (40.0–44.2) | 46.3 (44.3–48.4) | ||
| >8 h | 30.3 (28.3–32.3) | 45.2 (43.1–47.2) | ||
| Educational status (%) | Low | 50.5 (47.4–53.6) | 36.2 (33.7–38.7) | <.001 |
| Middle | 40.6 (38.2–43.0) | 51.3 (48.9–53.6) | ||
| High | 8.9 (7.6–10.5) | 12.6 (10.8–14.6) | ||
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Current smoking (%) | No | 70.9 (69.0–72.7) | 72.8 (70.7–74.7) | .790 |
| Occasionally | 6.0 (5.1–7.0) | 5.8 (4.8–6.9) | ||
| Daily | 23.2 (21.3–25.1) | 21.5 (19.8–23.3) | ||
| Daily coffee consumption (%) | 71.3 (69.1–73.5) | 78.2 (76.4–79.9) | <.001 | |
| Daily processed foods consumption (%) | 52.4 (50.0–54.8) | 62.3 (60.1–64.5) | <.001 | |
| Wholegrain bread consumption (%) | Never | 7.3 (6.2–8.6) | 8.9 (7.7–10.3) | <.001 |
| Less than daily | 45.9 (43.4–48.5) | 51.9 (49.4–54.4) | ||
| Daily | 46.8 (44.3–49.2) | 39.2 (36.7–41.8) | ||
| High alcohol consumption (%) | 11.7 (10.2–13.5) | 13.3 (12.0–14.7) | .300 | |
| Sports activity (%) | No | 50.7 (48.1–53.3) | 32.9 (30.8–35.1) | <.001 |
| Up to 2 h per week | 34.0 (31.8–36.2) | 45.2 (43.0–47.4) | ||
| Regularly, at least 2 h per week | 15.4 (13.9–17.0) | 21.9 (20.2–23.7) | ||
| BMI category (%) | Normal weight | 46.5 (44.2–48.9) | 47.5 (45.3–49.7) | .160 |
| Overweight | 30.6 (28.9–32.5) | 29.2 (27.3–31.1) | ||
| Obese | 23.2 (21.3–25.1) | 23.4 (21.4–25.4) | ||
| Use of Medication | ||||
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 5.4 (4.5–6.4) | 8.6 (7.5–9.8) | <.001 | |
| Statins (%) | 2.9 (2.2–3.7) | 7.7 (6.7–8.7) | <.001 | |
| Hormonal contraceptives (%) | 16.8 (15.3–18.4) | 21.2 (19.5–23.0) | <.001 | |
| Postmenopausal hormone therapy (%) | 11.7 (10.4–13.2) | 5.0 (4.2–6.0) | <.001 | |
| Serum Lipids | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mean, mmol/l) | 6.03 (5.98–6.08) | 5.30 (5.24–5.37) | <.001 | |
| Triglycerides (geometric mean, mmol/l) | 1.20 (1.17–1.23) | 1.10 (1.07–1.27) | <.001 | |
| High density lipoprotein (mean, mmol/l) | 1.66 (1.64–1.69) | 1.58 (1.56–1.60) | <.001 | |
Differences between categorical variables were estimated with the Rao-Scott Chi-Square test and differences between mean serum lipid levels were estimated with the t-test. P values < 0.05 were considered statistical significant (bold). Mean estimates are weighted: aStandardized to population structure as of 31st December 1997; bStandardized to population structure as of 31st December 2010
Number of missing values (GNHIES98/DEGS1): Fasting duration (151/9), educational status (107/24), current smoking (95/22), daily coffee consumption (106/55), daily processed food consumption (99/47), wholegrain bread consumption (114/63), high alcohol consumption (102/48), sports activity (114/92), BMI category (37/30), lipid-lowering medication/statins (13/13), hormonal contraceptives (13/13), postmenopausal hormone therapy (13/13), total cholesterol (196/40), triglycerides (196/36), high density lipoprotein (196/37)