Fig. 2.

Effects of tiotropium on ASM cell migration initiated by the A549 cells stimulated with CSE. The A549 cells were stimulated with 3 % CSE for 72 h. Tio (0.1, 1, 10 μM) was added to the cells 30 min before 3 % CSE stimulation and was present throughout the experiment. ASM cell migration initiated by the stimulated A549 cells was detected after 6 h of co-culture in the transwell system, the migrated ASM cells were stained with crystal violet (a, ×100). A quantitative analysis of migration used Image Pro Plus 6.0 (b). The values are expressed as the means ± SEM, n = 3. ^†† p < 0.01 vs the control group. ^* p < 0.05 and ^** p < 0.01 vs the CSE group