Table 2. Associations between the PBI and four well-being indicators.
| Happiness/sociability at age 13–15 (n = 3699 imputed) | Life been good at age 36 (n = 3295 imputed) | Satisfaction with home and family at age 43 (n = 3230 imputed) | Diener Satisfaction With Life Scale at age 60–64 (n = 1984 imputed) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Values are odds ratios (95% confidence interval) |
Values are odds ratios (95% confidence interval) |
Values are odds ratios (95% confidence interval) |
Values are regression estimates (standard errors) |
|||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Mode 2 | |
| Combined care | 1.02 (0.97,1.07) | 1.22 (1.10,1.37)** | 1.14 (1.08,1.19)** | 0.62 (0.10)** | ||||
| Combined behavioural control | 1.00 (0.95,1.05) | 1.01 (0.90,1.13) | 0.97 (0.93,1.02) | −0.21 (0.10)* | ||||
| Combined psychological control | 0.95 (0.90,0.99)* | 0.83 (0.76,0.92)** | 0.95 (0.91,0.99)* | −0.09 (0.09) | ||||
| Paternal care | 1.08 (0.99,1.19) | 1.13 (1.02,1.26)* | 1.36 (1.12,1.66)* | 1.27 (1.00,1.61)* | 1.26 (1.16,1.36)** | 1.26 (1.15,1.38)** | 1.18 (0.17)** | 1.16 (0.20)** |
| Paternal behavioural control | 1.03 (0.92,1.14) | 1.07 (0.94,1.23) | 0.97 (0.79,1.19) | 0.95 (0.73,1.23) | 1.00 (0.92,1.09) | 1.11 (1.00,1.24) | −0.39 (0.17)* | −0.28 (0.23) |
| Paternal psychological control | 0.95 (0.87,1.04) | 0.98 (0.88,1.10) | 0.73 (0.62,0.87)** | 0.77 (0.63,0.94)* | 0.93 (0.87,1.00) | 0.97 (0.90,1.06) | −0.10 (0.16)** | 0.02 (0.20) |
| Maternal care | 0.97 (0.88,1.05) | 0.92 (0.83,1.03) | 1.26 (1.03,1.53)* | 1.16 (0.93,1.44) | 1.13 (1.05,1.23)* | 1.03 (0.94,1.12) | 0.58 (0.17)** | 0.07 (0.19) |
| Maternal behavioural control | 0.96 (0.87,1.06) | 0.93 (0.81,1.05) | 1.01 (0.82,1.23) | 1.07 (0.83,1.38) | 0.90 (0.83,0.97)* | 0.85 (0.77,0.95)* | −0.41 (0.18)* | −0.15 (0.22) |
| Maternal psychological control | 0.92 (0.84,1.01) | 0.93 (0.83,1.04) | 0.81 (0.67,0.96)* | 0.90 (0.73,1.10) | 0.91 (0.85,0.98)* | 0.92 (0.85,0.99)* | −0.16 (0.15) | −0.22 (0.19) |
| Wald test for difference in coefficients for paternal and maternal care | p = 0.03 | p = 0.6 | p = 0.006 | p = <0.001 | ||||
| Wald test for difference in coefficients for paternal and maternal behavioural control | p = 0.2 | p = 0.6 | p = 0.007 | p = 0.9 | ||||
| Wald test for difference in coefficients for paternal and maternal psychological control | p = 0.6 | p = 0.3 | p = 0.4 | p = 0.4 | ||||
**
p < 0.001
*
p < 0.05.
Model 1: includes care and control from one parent.
Model 2: includes gender, care and control from both parents (mutually adjusted).