Table 4.
Summary of clinical Chagas disease publications, which included genotyping to discrete typing unit level by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: years 1980–2002.
| Study region, country, year | Sample size and clinical classification† | Type of clinical sample | Method of clinical classification | Patient DTU‡ | Genotyping methodology | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endemic regions, Argentina (1992)§ | 15 acute 12 IND 5 CCM |
Parasite cultures from xenodiagnoses | ND | Acute: 7 TcI (Z2, Z12), 8 TcV (Z1) IND: 2 TcI (Z2, Z12), 10 (83%) TcV (Z1) CCM: 3 (60%) TcI (Z2, Z12), 1 TcII (Z11), 1 TcV (Z1) |
MLEE (6 loci) [180] | [178] |
| Endemic regions, Argentina (1993)§ | 15 acute 14 IND 8 CCM |
Parasite cultures from xenodiagnoses | ND | Acute: 7 TcI (Z2, Z12), 8 TcV (Z1) IND: 1 TcI (Z2, Z12), 13 (93%) TcV (Z1) CCM: 6 (75%) TcI (Z2, Z12), 1 TcII (Z11), 1 TcV (Z1) |
MLEE (10 loci) [180] | [295] |
| Endemic regions, Argentina (1996) | 7 acute 35 IND 19 CCM 1 CCM-DIG |
Parasite cultures from xenodiagnoses | Chest x-ray ECG [322] |
Acute: 4 TcI (Z2, Z12), 3 TcV (Z1) IND: 4 TcI (Z2, Z12), 1 TcII (Z11), 30 (86%) TcV (Z1) CCM: 10 (53%) TcI (Z2, Z12), 2 TcII (Z11), 7 TcV (Z1) CCM-DIG: 1 TcII (Z11) |
MLEE (6 loci) [180] | [177] |
| Goiás, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Brazil (1986) | 25 acute 1 IND 1 CCM 7 ME 3 CCM-DIG |
Parasite cultures from xenodiagnoses | Chest x-ray ECG Barium swallow Barium enema [172,323] |
Acute: 12 TcI (ZI), 13 (52%) TcII (ZII) IND (1), CCM (1), ME (7), CCM-DIG (3): all TcII (ZII) (100%) |
MLEE (15 loci) [128] | [129] |
| Amazonian, central and eastern, Brazil; Venezuela (1981) | Venezuela: 11 IND 8 CCM Amazonian Brazil: 7 acute CE Brazil: 99 acute and chronic |
Patient cultures from xenodiagnoses, hemoculturing or animal inoculations | ND | Venezuela: IND (11), CCM (8): 19 (100%) TcI (ZI) Amazonian Brazil: Acute: 3 TcI (ZI), 4 TcIV (ZIII) CE Brazil: Acute and chronic: 1 TcI1 (ZI), 98 (99%) TcII (ZII) |
MLEE (6–18 loci) [36,70] | [16] |
| Bahia, Brazil (1980) | 22 acute 12 IND 21 CCM 1 ME/MC 1 congenital |
Parasite cultures from xenodiagnoses and hemoculturing | ND | Acute: 11 TcI (ZI), 11 TcII (ZII) IND: 12 TcII (ZII) (100%) CCM: 1 TcI (ZI), 20 TcII (ZII) (95%) ME/MC: 1 TcII (ZII) Congenital: 1 TcII (ZII) |
MLEE (6 loci) [36] | [173] |
| Cochabamba, Potosí, Santa Cruz, Sucre, Tarija, Tupiza, Valle Grande, Yungas, Bolivia (1989) | 11 IND 10 CCM 6 MC 3 CCM-DIG |
Parasite cultures from xenodiagnosis | ECG Barium swallow Barium enema |
IND: 6 TcI (Clonet 7, 19, 20), 5 TcV (39) CCM: 6 TcI (7, 19, 20), 4 TcV (39) MC: 5 TcI (7, 19, 20), 1 TcV (39) CCM-DIG: 3 mixed TcI + V (7/19/20 + 39) |
MLEE (12 loci) [181] | [174] |
| Regions II, III and IV, Chile (1987) | 53 IND 49 CCM |
Parasite cultures from xenodiagnosis | ECG | IND: 7 TcII (Brazilian ZII), 46 (87%) TcV (Bolivian ZII) CCM: 2 TcI (ZI), 9 TcII (Brazilian ZII), 38 (78%) TcV (Bolivian ZII) |
MLEE (8 loci) [36] | [176] |
| Regions II, III and IV, Chile (1987) | 63 IND 36 CCM |
Parasite cultures from xenodiagnosis | ECG | IND: 8 TcII (Brazilian ZII), 55 (87%) TcV (Bolivian ZII) CCM: 2 TcI (ZI), 8 TcII (Brazilian ZII), 26 (72%) TcV (Bolivian ZII) |
MLEE (5 loci) [36] | [175] |
| El Oro, Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador (2002) | 3 IND 1 CCM 4 CCM-DIG 2 DIG |
Parasite cultures | ECG Chest x-ray Barium swallow Barium enema |
IND: 1 TcI (ZI), 1 TcIV (ZIII), 1 TcV (Bolivian ZII) CCM: 1 TcV (Bolivian ZII) CCM-DIG: 1 TcI (ZI), 2 TcIV (ZIII), 1 TcV (Bolivian ZII) DIG: 2 TcV (Bolivian ZII) |
MLEE (19 loci) [324] | [86] |
| Pr. Hayes, San Pedro, Central, Caaguazú, Cordillera, Paraguari, Paraguay (2001) | 8 acute 2 IND 1 CCM 1 congenital |
Patient cultures from xenodiagnoses, hemoculturing or animal inoculations | ND | Acute: 4 TcII (Brazilian ZII), 4 TcVI (Paraguayan ZII) IND: 1 TcII (Brazilian ZII), 1 TcV (Bolivian ZII) CCM: 1 TcII (Brazilian ZII) Congenital: 1 TcV (Bolivian ZII) |
MLEE (15 loci) [325] | [326] |
†Refers to number of clinical samples genotyped to DTU-level only, not total cohort size.
‡Genotypes have also been listed according to current DTU nomenclature [31] with original classification in parentheses.
§Unspecified degree of overlap in patient populations from these two studies.
CCM: Chagas cardiomyopathy; DIG: Digestive, target organ unspecified; DTU: Discrete typing unit; IND: indeterminate; ND: Not described; MC: Megacolon; ME: Megaesophagus.