Table 7.
Summary of congenital Chagas disease publications, which included genotyping to discrete typing unit level.
| Region, country, year | Sample size† | Type of clinical sample | Maternal Trypanosoma cruzi DTU | Neonate T. cruzi DTU | Genotyping/serotyping methodology | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buenos Aires, Argentina (2013) | 19 neonates | Parasite hemocultures from neonatal blood | ND | TcI (n = 1) TcV (n = 18) |
Nuclear SL-IR 24Sα rDNA [41] |
[214] |
| Endemic and non-endemic regions, Argentina (2012) | 51 neonates | Neonatal cord or venous blood | ND | TcV (n = 18) TcII/V/VI (n = 6) TcV or mixed V + II/VI (n = 27) |
Nuclear SL-IR 24Sα rDNA A10 [135] |
[188] |
| Buenos Aires, Argentina (2011) | 35 mothers: 20 Argentinian, 6 Bolivian, 9 Paraguayan |
Maternal sera (n = 26) Maternal blood (n = 9) Placenta (n = 2) |
TcI (n = 1 Argentinan) TcII/V/VI (n = 26; 17 Argentinian, 3 Bolivian and 6 Paraguayan) |
ND | Nuclear SL-IR [135] kDNA Minicircle RFLPs [234] Serology TSSA-I/II [195] |
[234] |
| Reconquista, Argentina (2010) | 14 neonates | Neonatal venous blood | ND | TcV (n = 7) TcVI (n = 1) TcII + TcV (n = 1) TcII + TcVI (n = 1) TcV + TcVI (n = 4) |
kDNA Southern blots [327] mHVR-specific PCR [138] |
[231] |
| Salta, Argentina (2009) | 18 neonates | Parasite hemocultures from neonatal cord and venous blood | ND | TcV (n = 18) | Nuclear MLEE (11 loci) [324] RAPD [45] kDNA Southern blots [139,200] |
[304] |
| Buenos Aires, Argentina (2009) | 2 neonates | Neonatal venous blood | ND | TcV (n = 2) | Nuclear SL-IR 24Sα rDNA A10 [135] kDNA Minicircle sequencing [137] LSSP-PCR [312] |
[334] |
| Buenos Aires, Argentina (2007) | 5 mothers (transmitters) 13 mothers (non-transmitters) 38 neonates |
Neonatal venous blood Maternal blood |
Transmitters: TcV (n = 5) Non-transmitters: TcI (n = 1) TcV (n = 12) |
TcII (n = 1) TcV (n = 36) TcI + TcV/VI (n = 1 – HIV co-infected) |
Nuclear SL-IR 24Sα rDNA [135] A10 Microsatellites (4 loci) [321] kDNA Minicircle RFLPs Minicircle sequencing [137] |
[135] |
| Bahia, Brazil (1985) | 7 mothers (non-transmitters) 5 neonates |
Parasite hemocultures from maternal and neonatal blood | TcII (ZII; n = 7) | TcII (ZII; n = 4) TcV (Bolivian ZII; n = 1) |
Nuclear MLEE (9 loci) [36] |
[335] |
| Cochabamba and Tarija, Bolivia (2007) | 15 mothers 36 neonates (matched) |
Maternal blood Neonatal cord blood |
TcV (n = 14) TcVI (n = 1) |
TcII (n = 1) TcV (n = 34) TcVI (n = 1) |
kDNA Southern blots [139,200] |
[168] |
| Cochabamba and Tarija, Bolivia (2006) | 17 mothers 41 neonates (unmatched) |
Maternal blood Neonatal cord blood |
TcV (n = 16) TcVI (n = 1) |
TcII (n = 1) TcV (n = 39) TcVI (n = 1) |
Nuclear SL-IR [41] SCAR [45] kDNA Southern blots [137] Minicircle sequencing [139] |
[200] |
| Cochabamba, Bolivia (1995) | 31 neonates | Neonatal cord or venous blood | ND | TcI (clone 20) (n = 3) TcV (clone 39) (n = 7) TcI + TcV (n = 4) |
kDNA Southern blots [139] |
[336] |
| Chile (2014) | 17 neonates | Neonatal cord blood | ND | TcI (n = 2) TcII (n = 2) TcV (n = 5) TcVI (n = 1) TcI + TcII (n = 1) TcI + TcV (n = 2) TcII + TcV (n = 3) TcII + TcVI (n = 1) |
kDNA Southern blots [139] |
[337] |
| Province of Choapa, IV Region, Chile (2012) | 3 mothers 3 neonates |
Maternal blood Neonatal cord blood |
TcI + TcII + TcV (n = 3) |
TcI + TcII + TcV (n = 2) TcV (n = 1) |
kDNA Southern blots [139] |
[169] |
| Province of Choapa, IV Region, Chile (2010) | 20 mothers | Maternal blood |
Reported TcI and TcV single and mixed infections | ND | kDNA Southern blots [139] |
[219] |
| Murcia, Spain (mothers from Bolivia) (2013) | 9 neonates | Parasite hemocultures from neonatal venous blood | ND | TcV (n = 9) | Nuclear SL-IR [41] 24Sα rDNA 18S rDNA A10 [46] |
[338] |
TcII/V/VI refers reactions to markers common to all three DTUs. TcII + TcV + TcVI refers to co-infections determined by markers specific to each DTU.
†Refers to number of clinical samples genotype to DTU level only, not total cohort size.
DTU: Discrete typing unit; kDNA: Kinetoplast DNA; LSSP: Low stringency single specific primer; mHVR: Minicircle hypervariable region; MLEE: Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis; ND: Not described; RAPD: Random amplification of polymorphic DNA; RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism; SL-IR: Spliced-leader intergenic region.