Table 8.
Summary of publications reporting oral Trypanosoma cruzi outbreaks which included genotyping to discrete typing unit level.
| Outbreak location, country, year | Outbreak description: implicated vehicle, n infected, deaths | Type of clinical sample (n) | Patient DTU† | Genotyping/serotyping methodology | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Navegantes, Santa Caterina, Brazil (2005) | Sugarcane juice, 24 infected patients, 3 deaths | Parasite hemocultures (9) | TcII (n = 9) | Nuclear MLEE (6 loci) [339] SL-IR 24Sα rDNA [135] |
[243] |
| Coari, western Amazonia, Brazil (2007) | 25 infected patients (of population 175), acute symptoms, no deaths reported | Parasite hemocultures (18) | TcIII (ZIII) (n = 18) | Nuclear SL-IR [340] kDNA COII [54] |
[99] |
| Coari and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, western Amazonia, Brazil (2007 and 2010) | ND | Parasite cultures from hemoculturing and xenodiagnoses (27 Coari, 15 Santa Isabel do Rio Negro) | TcIV (n = 42) | Nuclear SL-IR 24Sα rDNA [135] GPI [114] kDNA COII [54] |
[97] |
| Amapá, Brazil (1996) | Presumed oral, but no vehicle mentioned, 17 family members/neighbors, no deaths | Parasite hemocultures (8) | TcI (n = 2) TcIII or IV (ZIII) (n = 6) |
Nuclear SL-IR [43] |
[93] |
| Amapá, Amazonas and Pará, Brazil | Presumed oral, but unclear if from outbreaks or sporadic | Parasite hemocultures (19) | TcI (n = 14) TcIV (n = 5) |
Nuclear ssrDNA [267] RAPD [341] kDNA Cytb [62] |
[95] |
| Six different locations, Colombia (1992–2010) | Attributed to unspecified food/drink Tibú n = 24, 1992; Guamal n = 13, 1999; Lebrija n = 10, two deaths, 2008; Bucaramanga, n = 5, one death, 2009; San Vicente, 2010; Aguachica, n = 12, 2010 |
50 biological clones from eight isolates (1 Tibú, 2 Lebrija, 3 Bucaramanga, 2 San Vicente de Chucurí) | TcI (n = 49) TcIV (n = 1) |
Nuclear SL-IR [48] 24Sα rDNA Microsatellites (24 loci) [70] kDNA mtMLST (10 loci) [317] |
[251] |
| Aguachica, Colombia (2010) | Presumed oral, but no vehicle mentioned, 11 confirmed cases | Parasite hemoculture (1) | TcI (n = 1) | Nuclear SL-IR [50] |
[252] |
| Littoral, French Guiana (2005) | Palm fruit juice, eight infected families, no deaths | Parasite hemocultures (6) | TcI (n = 6) | Nuclear SL-IR 24Sα rDNA [135] |
[240] |
| Caracas, Venezuela (2007) | Guava juice served in a school, 103 infected patients, one death | Parasite hemocultures (3) | TcI (n = 3) | Nuclear SL-IR [41] 24Sα rDNA [50] |
[250] |
| Chichiriviche and Antimano, Venezuela (2009 and 2010) | Common meals (food not identified), suspected/confirmed: 85/33, 35/15, no deaths | Parasite hemocultures (42) | TcI (n = 42) | Nuclear Microsatellites (23 loci) [70] |
[245] |
| Five different locations, Venezuela | Five of the six reported outbreaks in Venezuela, no additional details given | Parasite hemocultures (28) | TcI (n = 28) |
Nuclear SL-IR 24Sα rDNA 18S rRNA [135] |
[254] |
†Refers to number of clinical samples genotyped to DTU-level only, not total cohort size.
DTU: Discrete typing unit; kDNA: Kinetoplast DNA; MLEE: Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis; mtMLST: Maxicircle multilocus sequence typing; RAPD: Random amplification of polymorphic DNA; ND: Not described; SL-IR: Spliced-leader intergenic region.