| Study | N | Learner | Time Frame | Context | Tools | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adams & Webster (2012) | 300 | Middle school G = n/a D = n/a |
Several hours per week | Summer camp | Alice Scratch |
CC |
| Akcaoglu (2014) | 18 | Middle school G = 40%F, 60%M D = n/a |
10 days: 5 hr each day |
Summer camp | Kodu | CL |
| Akcaoglu & Kohler (2014) | 44 | Middle school G = 25% F/50% F D = n/a |
5 weekends: 3 hr each day |
Weekend camp | Kodu | CP |
| Al-Bow, Austin, Edgington, et al. (2009) | 17 | High school G = n/a D = n/a |
2 weeks: 2.5 hr each day |
Summer camp | Greenfoot | CL |
| Allsop (2015) | 30 | Elementary school G = n/a D = n/a |
6 months | School | Alice 3D | CL |
| Aragon, Poon, Monroy-Hernandez, & Aragon (2009) | 1 | Middle + High school G = 35% F, 65% M D = n/a |
3 months | Online | Online Scratch | CP |
| Basawapatna, Koh, Repenning, Webb, & Marshall (2011) | 32 | Middle school G = n/a D = n/a |
8 weeks | School | Agentsheets | CP |
| Baytak & Land (2010) | 10 | Middle school G = n/a D = n/a |
8 weeks: 2 sessions of 45 min |
School | GameMaker | CP; CO |
| Carbonaro, Szafron, Cutumisu, & Schaeffer (2010) | 50 | High school G = 48% F, 52% M D = n/a |
12 hr | School | ScriptEase | CL |
| Clark & Sheridan (2010) | 139 | Middle + high school G = 93%–69% M D = 80% AA, 9% C, 2% M, 9% no report |
Semester: 10 weekends sessions |
After school | Alice, Maya, GameMaker, Scratch, Flash, 2D 3D |
CC; CP; CPe |
| DeLay et al. (2013) | 160 | Middle school G = 36% F, 64% M D = 46% C, 14% L, 28% AA |
20 hr | After school | Alice; Storytelling Alice | CC; CL |
| Denner, Werner, Campe, & Ortiz (2014) | 320 | Middle school G = 36% F, 64% M D = 46% C; 37% L |
20 hr | Elective at school (38%); afterschool (62%) | Alice, Storytelling Alice, StageCast | CC; CP |
| Denner, Werner, & Ortiz (2012) | 59 | Middle school G = 100% F D = 72% L, 22% C |
14 months | After school + Summer | Stagecast Creator | CC; CP |
| DiSalvo, Guzdial, Bruckman, & McKlin (2014) | 35 | High school G = 100% M D = 100% AA |
3 years | Summer + Weekends | Game Testing | CP, CPE |
| Esper, Foster, & Griswold (2013) | 17 | Elementary, middle, & high school G = 65% F, 35% M D = n/a |
1–2 hr | After school | CodeSpells | CP |
| Fajdo et al. (2009) | n/a | Middle school G = n/a D = n/a |
Not specified | After school | Scratch | CC; CP; CO |
| Fristoe, Denner, Mateas, MacLaurin, & Wardrip-Fun (2011) | n/a | Middle school G = 100%F D = n/a |
2 weeks 12 hr |
After school | Kodu | CL |
| Games & Kane (2011) | 36/12 | High school G = n/a D = n/a% diverse |
3 months | School | Kodu Flash |
CP |
| Holbert & Wilensky (2014) | 11 | Elementary + middle school G = n/a% F, n/a% M D = n/a |
2 1-hr play sessions | After school | Sandbox NetLogo |
CO; CL |
| Howland & Good (2015) | 55 | Middle school G = 53% F/ 47% M D = n/a |
8 weeks, 2 sessions each week |
School | Flip | CC; CP |
| Hwang, Hung, & Chen (2014) | 167 | Middle school G = n/a D = n/a |
10 weeks, 50-min session |
School | CO; CL | |
| Javidi & Sheybani (2010) | 78 | Middle school G = 40% F 60% M D = % n/a low income |
36 months 2-week summer, 10 weekend |
After school/ Summer camp |
Kahootz, Scratch, Alice, Flash | CC; CP; CPe |
| Kafai (1995) | 50 | Elementary school G = 50% F, 50% M D = 49% L, 20% AA, 11%C, 20% mixed |
12 weeks; 1 hr each day |
School | Logo | CC; CP; CO |
| Kafai & Peppler (2012) | 5XX | Elementary + middle + high school G = 45%F, 55% M D = 100% L + AA |
2 years | Community Center | Scratch | CC |
| Ke (2014) | 64 | Middle school G = 43% F, 57% M D = n/a |
6 weeks; 2 hr each week |
School | Scratch | CPe |
| Khalili, Sheridan, Williams, Clark, & Stegman (2011) | 16 | High school G = 38% F, 62% M D = 100%AA |
4 weeks, every day | After school | GameMaker | CO; CL |
| Koh, Repenning, Nickerson, Endo, & Motter (2013) | 46 schools | Middle school G = n/a D = 52%C, 43% L, 16% AA, 11% AI |
8 weeks, several games | School | Agent-sheets | CC |
| Lakanen, Isomöttönen, & Lappalainen (2014) | 462 | Middle + high school G = 7% F 93% M D = n/a |
5 years: 1 week with 5 hr each day |
Summer | Jypeli C# | CPe |
| Lameman & Lewis (2011) | 10 | High school G = n/a D = 100% AI |
2 weeks (80 hr total) | After school | Unity 3D | CPe |
| Luther & Bruckman (2008) | 17 | High school G = n/a D = n/a |
Not specified | Online | Flash | CPe; CL |
| Mouza, Pan, Pollock, Atlas, & Harvey (2014) | 14 | Middle school G = n/a D = 68% C 12% A, 11% AA, 4% L 5% M |
8 weeks | After school | Scratch | CC; CPe |
| Navarrete (2013) | 12 | Middle school G = n/a D = 85% L |
Academic year (daily class) | School | Education Games Central | CPe |
| Owston, Wideman, Ronda & Brown (2009) | 311 | Elementary school G = 52% F, 48% M D = n/a |
10 weeks daily | School | CP; CO | |
| Pelletier, Burns, & Buckingham (2010) | 29 | Middle school G = n/a% mixed D = n/a |
5 weeks, 9 sessions |
School | Mission Maker |
CP; CL |
| Peppler & Kafai (2007) | 1 | High school G = 45% F 55% M D = 100% AA & L |
2 years | Community Center | Scratch | CC; CP |
| Peppler & Kafai (2010) | 643 | Elementary + middle + high school G = 45% F, 55% M D = 100% AA & L |
2 years | Community Center | Scratch | CC |
| Repenning et al. (2015); see also Koh et al. (2013) and Webb et al. (2012) | 268 | Middle school + (college) G = 45% F, 55%M D = 52%C, 43% L, 16% AA, 11% AI |
Semester: 2 weeks; School: 8-week unit with multiple games |
College/School | Agent-sheets | CP |
| Reynolds & Chiu (2015) | 242 | Middle + high school G = n/a D = n/a Low SES |
Year-long 100 hr |
School | Flash | CL |
| Reynolds & Harel Caperton (2011) | 93 | Middle school G = 41%F, 59%M D = 59% L, 15% C, 13% A, 11% AA |
Several weeks | School, Club | Flash | CL |
| Robertson (2012) | 25 | Middle school G = 42% F, 58% M D = n/a |
6 weeks, 18 days | School | Adventure Author | CC CP |
| Robertson (2013) | 225 | Middle + high school G = 47% F, 53% M D = n/a |
6 weeks | School | Adventure Author | CPe |
| Robertson & Howells (2008) | 30 | Elementary school G = n/a D = n/a |
8 weeks, 20 hr total |
School | Never- winter |
CP; CL |
| Robertson & Nicholson (2007) | 19 | High school G = 47% F, 53% M D = n/a |
Camp: 5 sessions of 2–3 hr; School: 8 sessions | Summer /School |
Adventure Author | CL |
| Schanzer, Fisler, & Krishnamurthi (2013) | 1400 total | Middle school G = n/a D = n/a% Low SES |
10 session, 90 min each |
After school | Bootstrap | CO |
| Seaborn, El-Nasr, Milam, & Young (2012) | n/a | High school G = n/a D = n/a |
5 months | School | GameMaker | CC; CPe |
| Sheridan, Clark, & Williams (2013) | 415 | High school G = 93%-69% M D = 80-94% AA, 9-6% M, 2-6% other |
4 years | After school | Alice, Maya, GameMaker Scratch, Flash |
CL |
| Sprung, Zimmermann, Nischelschwitzer, Strohmaier, & Schadenbauer (2011) | 143 | Middle + high school G = n/a D = n/a |
n/a | School | Scratch | CL |
| Vattel & Riconscente (2012) | 10 | Middle school G = n/a D = 64% AA, 36% L |
10 weeks 4 sessions |
School | Math Maker |
CPe; CO; CL |
| Vos, Van der Meijden, & Denessen (2011) | 235 | Middle G = n/a D = n/a |
2 sessions | School | Memory Spleen | CL |
| Webb, Repenning, & Koh (2012) | 1,420 | Middle school G = 45% F, 55%M D = 52%C, 43% L, 16% AA, 11% AI |
2 years; 8-week unit with multiple games |
School | Agentsheets | CPe |
| Werner, Campe, & Denner (2005) | 33 | Middle school G = 100% F; D = n/a |
6 weeks: 4 times a week/12 weeks, 2 hr |
Summer/ After school |
Flash | CC |
| Werner, Campe, & Denner (2012); see also Werner, Denner, & Campe (2014) | 325 | Middle school G = 37% F, 63% M D = 45% C, 37% L |
Semester 20 hr |
School | Alice; Storytelling Alice | CC; CP |
| Werner & Denner (2009) | 126 | Middle school G = 100% F D = 58% C, 31% L |
12 weeks | School | Flash | CP |
| Werner, Denner, Bliesner, & Rex (2009) | 22 | Middle school G = 45% F, 55% M D = 27% C, 68% L, 9% AA |
2 weeks (2 hours per day) | Summer | Storytelling Alice | CC; CL |
| Werner, Denner, Campe, & Kawamato (2012) | 325 | Middle school G = 36% F, 64% M D = 52% C; 37% L |
20 hr | After school | Alice; Storytelling Alice |
CP |
| Yang & Chang (2013) | 67 | Middle school G = 49% F, 51% M D = n/a |
19 weeks | School | Flash | CP; CPe |
Note. Gender: F = female; M = male; Race: AA = African American; C = Caucasian; L = Latina/o; A = Asian; AI = American Indian; M = mixed;
CC = computational concepts; CP = computational strategies; CPe = computational perspectives; CO = content, academic subject; CL = learning, disposition, problem solving.