Table 3.
Association between dietary calcium intake and risk of total fracture in cohort studies
| Study | Fracture*/participants | Association | Groups | Risk or daily calcium intake† | Group 3 risk | Group 4 risk | Group 5 risk | Cut points between each group (mg/d)‡ or unit for pooled risk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Group 2 | ||||||||
| Cauley 200747 | 23 270/159 579 | Nil | — | NR§ | NR§ | NR§ | — | — | — |
| Lewis 200751 | 275/5876 | Nil | — | NR§ | NR§ | NR§ | — | — | — |
| Albrand 200339 | 75/672 | Nil | 2 | 824 (313) | 804 (270) | — | — | — | No fracture; fracture |
| Nguyen 200752 | 221/924 | Nil | 2 | 583 (284) | 555 (300) | — | — | — | No fracture; fracture |
| Samieri 201368 | 155/1482 | Inverse | 2 | 871 (439) | 796 (398) | — | — | — | No fracture; fracture |
| Huopio 200035 | 257/3068 | Nil | — | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.23) | — | — | — | — | Per quartile decrease |
| Melton 200342 | 126/225 | Inverse | — | 1.29 (1.06 to 1.56) | — | — | — | — | Per SD decrease |
| Papaioannou 200546 | 280/5143 | Nil | — | 1.005 (0.925 to 1.093) | — | — | — | — | Per 500 mg/d increase |
| Meier 200855 | 113/609 | Nil | — | 1.43 (1.17 to 1.78) | — | — | — | — | Per SD (322 mg/d) decrease |
| Diez-Perez 200748 | 311/5146 | Inverse | 2 | 1.92 (1.30 to 2.86) | 1 | — | — | — | 250 |
| Kung 200750 | 80/1435 | Inverse | 2 | 3.1 (1.9 to 5.2) | 1 | — | — | — | 400 |
| Van Geel 200753 | 380/2367 | Nil | 2 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1 | — | — | — | 900 |
| Khan 201264 | 824/12 528 | Inverse | 2 | 1 | 0.75 (0.60 to 0.94) | — | — | — | Lowest quintile; highest quintile |
| Rouzi 201265 | 138/707 | Inverse | 2 | 1.66 (1.08 to 2.53) | 1 | — | — | — | 391 |
| Cumming 199728 | 1950/9704 | Nil | 4 | 1 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | — | 400; 800; 1200 |
| Kato 200036 | 1025/6250 | Nil | 5 | 1 | 1.06 (0.9 to 1.3) | 0.93 (0.8 to 1.1) | 1.10 (0.9 to 1.3) | 0.92 (0.8 to 1.1) | 569; 689; 799; 949 |
| Key (F>50 y) 200749 | 888/NS | Inverse | 5 | 1.53 (1.05 to 2.23) | 1.31 (0.98 to 1.77) | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.39) | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.27) | 1 | 525; 700; 900; 1200 |
| Key (M) 200749 | 343/7947 | Nil | 5 | 1.15 (0.63 to 2.09) | 0.94 (0.59 to 1.49) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.32) | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.37) | 1 | 525; 700; 900; 1200 |
| Dargent-Molina 200854 | 2408/36 217 | Nil | 4 | 1 | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.19) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.13) | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.03) | — | 829; 995; 1201 |
| Nieves 200856 | 2205/52 144 | Nil | 3 | 1 | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.10) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.06) | — | — | 500; 800 |
| Nakamura 201162 | 51/773 | Nil | 4 | 0.64 (0.29 to 1.41) | 0.81 (0.39 to 1.69) | 0.73 (0.32 to 1.64) | 1 | — | 410; 544; 722; |
| Warensjo 201163 | 14 738/61 433 | Inverse | 5 | 1.18 (1.12 to 1.25) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) | 1 | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.06) | 751; 882; 996; 1137 |
Nil=no association between calcium intake and risk of fracture; inverse=higher calcium intake associated with decreased risk of fracture or lower calcium intake associated with higher risk of fracture; SD=standard deviation; M=male; F=female; Q=quartile (values not reported in paper); NS=not stated.
*Number of participants with fracture.
†Hazard ratio or relative risk (95% CI) or mean (SD) mg/d.
‡For example, cut point of 250 indicates 2 groups of <250 and ≥250 mg/d; cut points of 400; 800; and 1200 indicate 4 groups <400; 400-799; 800-1199; ≥1200 mg/d.
§No numerical data were reported, but it was stated that there was no association between calcium intake and risk of fracture.