Table 4.
Association between dietary calcium intake and risk of hip fracture in cohort studies
| Study | Fracture*/participans | Association | Groups | Risk or daily calcium intake† | Group 3 risk | Group 4 risk | Group 5 risk | Cut points between each group (mg/d)‡ or unit for pooled risk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Group 2 | ||||||||
| Dargent-Molina 200238 | NS/1588 | Nil | — | NR§ | NR§ | NR§ | NR§ | NR§ | — |
| Munger 199933 | 44/32 050 | Nil | 2 | 842 (322) | 778 (267) | — | — | — | No fracture; fracture |
| Nguyen 200752 | 24/924 | Nil | 2 | 583 (284) | 489 (367) | — | — | — | No fracture; fracture |
| Holbrook 198823 | 33/957 | Inverse | — | 0.6 | — | — | — | — | Per 198 mg/1000 kcal/d increase |
| Meier 200855 | 27/609 | Nil | — | 1.32 (0.81 to 2.16) | — | — | — | — | Per SD (322mg/d) decrease |
| Benetou 201161 | 275/29 122 | Nil | — | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.13) | — | — | — | — | Per quintile increase |
| Diez-Perez 200748 | 49/5146 | Inverse | 2 | 2.52 (1.07 to 5.92) | 1 | — | — | — | 250 |
| Wickham 198924 | 44/1419 | Nil | 3 | 0.7 (0.1 to 3.9) | 0.9 (0.2 to 4.3) | 1 | — | — | 641; 901 |
| Paganini-Hill (F) 199125 | 332/8600 | Nil | 3 | 1 | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.33) | 1.11 (0.85 to 1.44) | — | — | 280; 500; |
| Paganini-Hill (M) 199125 | 86/5049 | Nil | 3 | 1 | 0.87 (0.50 to 1.51) | 1.25 (0.75 to 2.08) | — | — | 280; 500; |
| Looker 199326 | 122/2226 | Nil | 4 | 1 | 0.86 (0.5 to 1.5) | 1.03 (0.6 to 1.7) | 0.72 (0.4 to 1.3) | — | 300; 501; 776 |
| Cumming 199728 | 332/9704 | Nil | 4 | 1 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.3) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6) | — | 400; 800; 1200 |
| Meyer (F) 199730 | 150/19 752 | Nil | 4 | 1 | 0.86 (0.55 to 1.35) | 0.87 (0.56 to 1.35) | 0.67 (0.42 to 1.08) | — | 435; 569; 718 |
| Meyer (M) 199730 | 55/20 035 | Nil | 4 | 1 | 0.96 (0.46 to 2.00) | 1.08 (0.53 to 2.21) | 0.64 (0.28 to 1.45) | — | 623; 823; 1030 |
| Owusu 199731 | 56/43 063 | Nil | 5 | 1 | 1.47 (0.65 to 3.28) | 1.14 (0.50 to 2.64) | 0.86 (0.35 to 2.13) | 0.64 (0.24 to 1.69) | 134; 248; 364; 591 |
| Mussolino 199832 | 71/2879 | Nil | 4 | 1 | 0.83 (0.42 to 1.63) | 0.76 (0.34 to 1.66) | 0.76 (0.32 to 1.79) | — | 417; 680; 1033 |
| Feskanich 200340 | 603/72 337 | Nil | 5 | 1 | 1.13 (0.87 to 1.49) | 1.29 (0.98 to 1.71) | 1.04 (0.76 to 1.42) | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.49) | 500; 625; 750; 900 |
| Nieves 200856 | 337/52 144 | Nil | 3 | 1 | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.31) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.21) | — | — | 500; 800 |
| Koh (F) 200957 | 692/35 241 | Positive | 4 | 1 | 1.16 (0.92 to 1.47) | 1.36 (1.07 to 1.73) | 1.45 (1.16 to 1.82) | — | 259; 327; 425 |
| Koh (M) 200957 | 276/27 913 | Nil | 4 | 1 | 1.23 (0.90 to 1.69) | 0.87 (0.60 to 1.27) | 1.24 (0.86 to 1.79) | — | 259; 327; 425 |
| Warensjo 201163 | 3871/61 433 | U shaped | 5 | 1.29 (1.17 to 1.43) | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.21) | 1 | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26) | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.32) | 751; 882; 996; 1137 |
Nil=no association between calcium intake and risk of fracture; inverse=higher calcium intake associated with decreased risk of fracture or lower calcium intake associated with higher risk of fracture; SD=standard deviation; M=male; F=female; Q=quartile (values not reported in paper); NS=not stated.
*Number of participants with hip fracture.
†Hazard ratio or relative risk (95% confidence interval) or mean (SD) mg/d.
‡For example, cut point of 250 indicates 2 groups of <250 and ≥250 mg/d; cut points of 400; 800; and 1200 indicate 4 groups <400; 400-799; 800-1199; ≥1200 mg/d.
§ No numerical data were reported, but it was stated that there was no association between calcium intake and risk of fracture.