TABLE 2.

Levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at admission and 48 h after initiation of antimicrobial treatment

Variable	Value for group (mean ± SEM)
	Healthy controls (n = 10)	Ciprofloxacin (n = 30)	Ceftazidime (n = 28)
Proinflammatory cytokines (pg/ml)
TNF-α
On admission	≤5.35	73.6 ± 11.3	83.3 ± 13.1
24 h		61.9 ± 9.7	114.6 ± 10.3a
48 h		48.4 ± 7.8	91.5 ± 9.4a
IL-6
On admission	≤9.2	179.3 ± 33.9	158.1 ± 21.6
24 h		85.2 ± 17.8b	144.3 ± 37.7
48 h		52.9 ± 9.4c	164.3 ± 21.2a
IL-1β
On admission	≤14.8	18.9 ± 5.4	21.3 ± 6.2
24 h		16.3 ± 3.9	24.2 ± 8.2
48 h		12.7 ± 2.9	19.3 ± 5.5
IL-8
On admission		167.5 ± 51.8	144.9 ± 26.2
24 h		186.1 ± 53.6	165.3 ± 28.9
48 h		118.7 ± 19.4	127.7 ± 31.7
Anti-inflammatory cytokines (pg/ml)
IL-10
On admission	≤9.2	174.9 ± 36.8	211.3 ± 32.1
24 h		192.7 ± 14.4	167.3 ± 24.9
48 h		114.5 ± 11.8d	148.6 ± 17.3
IL-1ra
On admission	892.3 ± 44.1	5,743.7 ± 521.9	4,810.4 ± 798.2
24 h		7,986.5 ± 482.2	5,329.6 ± 891.3
48 h		4,762.4 ± 379.8	4,228.3 ± 662.1
sTNFR-I
On admission	522.7 ± 58.2	2,561.8 ± 353.4	3,120.7 ± 321.8
24 h		3,167.9 ± 431.2	3,849.6 ± 482.9
48 h		1,983.5 ± 277.5	2,939.6 ± 338.1
sTNFR-II
On admission	1,188.9 ± 128.4	5,296.4 ± 607.2	6,302.5 ± 772.9
24 h		7,753.7 ± 557.1	6,967.8 ± 536.6
48 h		3,391.5 ± 429.7d	4,982.1 ± 558.2
IL-10/TNF-α ratio
On admission		2.28 ± 0.21	2.43 ± 0.28
24 h		3.17 ± 0.36b	1.83 ± 0.22a
48 h		2.36 ± 0.11	1.58 ± 0.13a

^aP < 0.01 for the ceftazidime versus the ciprofloxacin group.

^bP < 0.05 for ciprofloxacin on admission versus 24 h.

^cP < 0.01 for ciprofloxacin on admission versus 48 h.

^dP < 0.01 for ciprofloxacin at 24 versus 48 h.