Table 2.
The association between employment status change and depression
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| ≤24 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–34 | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.11) | 1.01 (0.78 to 1.29) |
| 35–44 | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.03) | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.15) |
| 45–54 | 1.24 (1.01 to 1.52) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.22) |
| ≥55 | 2.08 (1.72 to 2.52) | 0.70 (0.52 to 0.96) |
| Sex | ||
| Men | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Women | 1.80 (1.64 to 1.97) | 1.83 (1.56 to 2.15) |
| Region | ||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| City | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.91) | 1.13 (0.99 to 1.29) |
| Metropolitan | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.93) | 1.13 (0.99 to 1.30) |
| Seoul | 0.87 (0.76 to 0.99) | 1.29 (1.11 to 1.50) |
| Education | ||
| College | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High school | 1.66 (1.48 to 1.86) | 1.15 (1.01 to 1.30) |
| Middle school | 2.49 (2.15 to 2.89) | 1.21 (1.01 to 1.46) |
| Elementary | 4.04 (3.59 to 4.54) | 1.25 (1.04 to 1.50) |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Bereaved | 3.53 (2.99 to 4.18) | 1.71 (1.42 to 2.07) |
| Divorced or separated | 3.48 (3.06 to 3.97) | 1.31 (1.10 to 1.55) |
| Single | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.14) | 1.28 (1.08 to 1.52) |
| Income | ||
| Q1 (high) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 1.50 (1.32 to 1.70) | 1.21 (1.06 to 1.39) |
| Q3 | 2.81 (2.49 to 3.17) | 1.69 (1.47 to 1.94) |
| Q4 (low) | 5.80 (5.11 to 6.58) | 2.24 (1.90 to 2.65) |
| Head of household | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.28 (1.17 to 1.39) | 1.05 (0.91 to 1.21) |
| Self-rated health | ||
| Very good | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Good | 1.19 (1.05 to 1.35) | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.28) |
| Normal | 2.67 (2.32 to 3.06) | 1.89 (1.60 to 2.23) |
| Bad and very bad | 6.35 (5.50 to 7.32) | 3.60 (3.02 to 4.29) |
| Smoking | ||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Past | 0.73 (0.66 to 0.80) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.20) |
| Current | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.06) | 1.37 (1.15 to 1.63) |
| AUDIT score | ||
| 0–7 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 8–15 | 0.83 (0.74 to 0.94) | 1.34 (1.17 to 1.55) |
| ≥16 | 1.62 (1.38 to 1.91) | 2.19 (1.80 to 2.67) |
| Year | ||
| 2009 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2010 | 0.65 (0.59 to 0.71) | 0.58 (0.52 to 0.66) |
| 2011 | 0.63 (0.57 to 0.70) | 0.66 (0.59 to 0.74) |
| 2012 | 0.55 (0.50 to 0.61) | 0.61 (0.51 to 0.72) |
| Employment status | ||
| Permanent→permanent | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Precarious→precarious | 2.86 (2.43 to 3.36) | 1.54 (1.30 to 1.83) |
| Unemployment→unemployment | 2.91 (2.53 to 3.35) | 1.45 (1.23 to 1.70) |
| Precarious→permanent | 1.68 (1.32 to 2.14) | 1.22 (0.95 to 1.56) |
| Unemployment→permanent | 1.50 (1.04 to 2.16) | 1.05 (0.71 to 1.53) |
| Unemployment→precarious | 2.60 (2.11 to 3.21) | 1.34 (1.07 to 1.68) |
| Permanent→precarious | 2.17 (1.73 to 2.73) | 1.46 (1.16 to 1.85) |
| Permanent→unemployment | 2.83 (2.09 to 3.83) | 1.78 (1.30 to 2.43) |
| Precarious→unemployment | 3.76 (3.07 to 4.62) | 1.65 (1.32 to 2.06) |
| Lag(CES-D) | 1.09 (1.09 to 1.10) | 1.07 (1.06 to 1.07) |
Estimates were obtained from a generalised linear mixed-effects model with random subject effects.
AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test;
CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.