Figure 1.

The population processes of Greenland white‐fronted geese wintering at Wexford and elsewhere. The demographic processes occurring at Wexford (to the left of the thin vertical solid line) form the core population model in our IPM. Due to no birds being marked elsewhere and incomplete recruitment data, recruitment and juvenile survival were not estimable elsewhere. The remaining demographic parameters were estimated within the model framework with some parameters common to different sources of information. Notations: $\mathrm{\varphi }$, survival probability for juveniles (juv) and adults (ad) at Wexford (W) and elsewhere (E); $\mathrm{\psi }$, movement probability for each age class between W and E; β, juvenile recruitment; N, the number of juvenile, adult and immigrant individuals. All parameters are also time dependent. Note that immigration would not be identifiable within this state‐space model of adult counts without the information provided by integrating other data sources.