Table 3.

Circadian rhythm timing parameters by demographic and clinical characteristics

		Bed time		Wake Time		Statistics (when p<.10)
	Acrophase rho or mean ± SD n=278	Actigraphy rho or mean ± SD n=289	PSQI rho or mean ± SD n=284	Actigraphy rho or mean ± SD n=289	PSQI rho or mean ± SD n=277
Age (years)	rho = −.082	rho = .022	rho = .016	rho = −.024	rho = −.017
Gender						ACRO: F(2,275) = 2.99, p = .052
Male	15:02 ± 1:34	23:05 ± 1:30	22:42 ± 1:34	7:11 ± 1:35	7:01 ± 1:41
Female	14:30 ± 1:16	22:45 ± 1:26	22:16 ± 1:30	6:58 ± 1:08	6:56 ± 1:40
Transgender	14:53 ± 1:47	23:06 ± 1:34	22:40 ± 2:22	7:13 ± 1:23	7:26 ± 2:05
Race						ACRO: F(2,275)=5.09, p=.007a
Caucasian	15:13 ± 1:43	23:09 ± 1:36	22:52 ± 1:41	7:31 ± 1:42	7:26 ± 1:48	BED-P: F(2,281)=4.86, p=.008a
African American	14:33 ± 1.15	22:49 ± 1:14	22:13 ± 1:21	6:41 ± 1:05	6:32 ± 1:29	WAKE-A: F(2,286)=8.11, p<.001a
Other	14:51 ± 1:25	23:02 ± 1:39	22:43 ± 1:51	7:09 ± 1:22	7:05 ± 1:43	WAKE-P: F(2,274)=7.75, p<.001a
Employment						ACRO: t(276) = 1.80, p = .073
Employed or in school	15:16 ± 1:36	23:27 ± 1:30	22:57 ± 1:24	7:34 ± 1:34	7:30 ± 1:58	BED-A: t(287) = 2.26, p = .024
Unemployed/ disabled	14:49 ± 1:30	22:55 ± 1:28	22:31 ±1:40	7:03 ± 1:26	6:56 ± 1:39	BED-P: t(282) = 1.73, p = .084
						WAKE-A: t(287) = 2.15, p =.032
						WAKE-P: t(275) = 1.97, p =.050
CD4+ T-cell count (cells/mm3)	(n=265)
	rho = −.065	rho = −.075	rho = −.041	rho = −.022	rho = .000
< 200	14:57 ± 1:01	23:05 ± 1:29	22:30 ± 1:34	7:01 ± 1:06	6:57 ± 1:28
≥200	14:49 ± 1:35	22:58 ± 1:28	22:36 ± 1:38	7:06 ± 1:30	7:01 ± 1:45
Viral load (log10copies/mL)	(n=259)
	rho = −.004	rho = −.013	rho = .037	rho = −.015	rho = −.053
Undetectable	14:57 ± 1:39	23:03 ± 1:34	22:34 ± 1:38	7:11 ± 1:36	7:08 ± 1:47
Detectable	14:47 ± 1:19	22:57 ± 1:22	22:39 ± 1:36	7:03 ± 1:16	6:55 ± 1:36
AIDS diagnosis						ACRO: t(276) = 1.72, p = .087
No	14:44 ± 1:26	22:45 ± 1:20	22:23 ± 1:28	7:00 ± 1:20	6:54 ± 1:30	BED-A: t(287) = 2.76, p = .006
Yes	15:03 ± 1:35	23:14 ± 1:36	22:47 ± 1:45	7:15 ± 1:35	7:09 ± 1:53	BED-P: t(282) = 1.99, p = .048
Antiretroviral therapy						ACRO: t(276) = 2.12, p = .035
Not on treatment	14:36 ± 1:29	22:45 ± 1:23	22:30 ± 1:24	6:59 ± 1:22	6:55 ± 1:41	BED-A: t(287) = 1.78, p = .076
On treatment	15:01 ± 1:32	23:06 ± 1:31	22:38 ± 1:43	7:11 ± 1:30	7:04 ± 1:43
Depression						WAKE-A: t(285) = 2.07, p =.040
No (CESD<16)	14:50 ± 1:37	23:02 ± 1:28	22:35 ± 1:31	6:58 ± 1:33	6:58 ± 1:38
Yes (CESD≥16)	14:57 ± 1:25	22:56 ± 1:29	22:35 ± 1:44	7:17 ± 1:21	7:06 ± 1:48
Opiate medication						ACRO: t(276) = 1.73, p = .085
No	14:59 ± 1:30	23:06 ±1:22	22:39 ± 1:31	7:07 ± 1:28	7:03 ± 1:36	BED-A: t(286) = 2.27, p = .024
Yes	14:39 ± 1:35	22:41 ± 1:45	22:26 ± 1:55	7:09 ± 1:27	6:57 ± 2:00
Smoker?						ACRO: t(276) = 2.92, p = .004
No	15:12 ± 1:34	23:12 ± 1:30	22:52 ± 1:36	7:28 ± 1:30	7:24 ± 1:45	BED-A: t(286) = 1.92, p = .056
Yes	14:40 ± 1:27	22:51 ± 1:29	22:22 ± 1:37	6:51 ± 1:23	6:44 ± 1:38	BED-P: t(282) = 2.64, p = .008
						WAKE-A: t(282)=2.64, p <.001
						WAKE-P: t(275)=3.22, p<.001
Alcohol consumption						ACRO: t(276) = 2.00, p = .047
None in last 3 days	14:49 ± 1:30	22:56 ± 1:28	22:36 ± 1:36	7:04 ± 1:26	6:58 ± 1:38	BED-A: t(286) = 1.85, p = .065
Any in last 3 days	15:23 ± 1:38	23:26 ± 1:33	22:32 ± 1:49	7:29 ± 1:39	7:24 ± 2:11
Body mass index
Male	rho = −.133	rho = −.049	rho = −.008	rho = −.225	rho = −.178	Males: ACRO: p = .070;
Female	rho = −.044	rho = −.180	rho = .127	rho = −.147	rho = −.192	WAKE-A: p =.002;
Transgender	rho = .026	rho = −.294	rho = −.148	rho = −.166	rho = .002	WAKE-P: p = .014
Waist circumference (cm)						Males: ACRO: p =.022;
Male	rho = −.167	rho = −.070	rho = .001	rho = −.208	rho = .171	WAKE-A: p =.004;
Female	rho = −.068	rho = −.119	rho = .100	rho = −.163	rho = −.210	WAKE-P: p = .018
Transgender	rho = .255	rho = −.106	rho = .047	rho = .059	rho = .192	Females: WAKE-P: p = .091

Analyses were based on log-transformed acrophase, bedtime (actigraphy and PSQI), and wake time (actigraphy) values and square root-transformed wake time (PSQI) and CD4+ T-cell count values. None of the five circadian timing parameters were associated with use of sleep medications, antidepressants, anxiolytics, neuroleptics, opiates, or anti-emetics (data not shown). ACRO, acrophase; BED-A, bedtime based on actigraphy; BED-P, habitual bedtime based on self-report PSQI; CESD, Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD, standard deviation. WAKE-A, wake time based on actigraphy; WAKE-P, habitual waketime based on self-report PSQI. Bolded statistics are significant (p<.05).

^aPost-hoc analyses of race indicated that Caucasians had significantly later circadian timing than African-Americans.