Figure 2.

The fraction of steps in the synthetic direction, p_s (red), and in the hydrolytic direction, p_h=1−p_s (blue), under applied torque for idealized 120° rotational steps by the γ-shaft of the F₁-ATPase. The intersection of the two probability functions at the equilibrium or stalling condition occurs at an applied torque of 31.2 pN nm rad⁻¹.