Figure 3.

The effect of ‘contamination’ by chemically fruitless steps on the fraction of observed steps in the synthetic direction (from lower left to upper right), and in the hydrolytic direction (from upper left to lower right), under applied torque for idealized 120° rotational steps by the γ-shaft of the F₁-ATPase. The intersection of each pair of functions at the equilibrium or stalling condition occurs at an applied torque of 31.2 pN nm rad⁻¹. The levels of ‘contamination’ are zero (black, unmarked), 10% (green), 20% (blue), 50% (grey) and 100% (red).