Table 1.
Description of the sample, demographic, and clinical data
| Variable | Patients (n=103) | Controls (n=91) | Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 41.96±10.231 | 36.23±13.40 | MW test; U=3,519; P<0.0005 |
| Sex (male:female) | 41:62 | 36:55 | Fisher’s exact test (ns) |
| Age of disease onset | 26.12±8.974 | ||
| Lifetime duration of treatment | 15.38±9.519 | ||
| Number of hospitalizations | 4.13±3.968 | ||
| Psychiatric heredity | |||
| Same disorder | 15 (14.6%) | ||
| Other disorder | 39 (37.9%) | ||
| Without | 47 (45.6%) | ||
| Education | Pearson’s chi-squared test (ns) | ||
| Elementary | 9 (8.7%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Vocational training | 25 (24.3%) | 3 (2.8%) | |
| Secondary school | 52 (50.5%) | 38 (34.9%) | |
| University | 16 (15.5%) | 9 (8.3%) | |
| Not completed | 1 (0.01%) | 40 (0.44%) | |
| Marital status | Pearson’s chi-squared test (ns) | ||
| Single | 61 (59.0%) | 28 (25.7%) | |
| Married | 24 (23.1%) | 21 (19.3%) | |
| Divorced | 15 (14.3%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Widowed | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Not completed | 3 (2.7%) | 40 (0.44%) | |
| Employment (yes/no) | 33/70 | ||
| objCGI severity | 4.14±0.971 | ||
| subCGI severity | 2.75±1.392 | ||
| objCGI–subCGI severity | 1.67±1.56 | ||
| Physical health (max 65p) | 41.81±9.74 | 43.53±10.43 | Unpaired t-test: t=4.098; df=180; P<0.0001 |
| Feelings (max 70p) | 46.33±10.63 | 52.36±9.70 | Unpaired t-test: t=4.107; df=192; P<0.0001 |
| Work (max 65p) | 27.82±18.13 | 37.78±19.47 | MW test: U=3,377; P<0.001 |
| Household (max 50p) | 34.99±9.04 | 33.84±13.72 | Unpaired t-test: t=0.6997; df=192; ns |
| School/study (max 50p) | 13.47±8.77 | 20.05±12.97 | MW test: U=3,451; P<0.005 |
| Leisure (max 30p) | 20.15±5.42 | 25.22±4.05 | Unpaired t-test: t=7.290; df=191; P<0.0001 |
| Social activities (max 55p) | 35.69±9.22 | 43.02±8.24 | Unpaired t-test: t=5.808; df=192; P<0.0001 |
| General (max 80p) | 51.49±12.08 | 56.88±9.69 | Unpaired t-test: t=3.400; df=192; P<0.001 |
| Sum of Q-LES-Q (max 465p) | 271.5±58.03 | 312.68±46.11 | Unpaired t-test: t=5.419; df=192; P<0.0001 |
| Sum of Q-LES-Q in percent | 58.42%±12.47% | 67.24%±9.91% | Unpaired t-test: t=5.401; df=192; P<0.0001 |
| Alienation | 13.31±3.89 | ||
| Stereotype agreement | 14.01±3.42 | ||
| Perceived discrimination | 11.01±3.30 | ||
| Social withdrawal | 13.03±3.77 | ||
| Stigma resistance | 12.63±2.34 | ||
| Overall score | 63.98±13.74 |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).
Abbreviations: CGI, Clinical Global Impression; df, degrees of freedom; max, maximum; MW test, Mann–Whitney test; ns, non significant; objCGI, objective CGI; p, points; Q-LES-Q, Quality of Life Satisfaction and Enjoyment Questionnaire; subCGI, subjective CGI.