Table 6.
Exposure characterization attributes (most frequently addressed, not comprehensive) (n = 20).
| Framework name (reference) | Physicochemical properties | Use characteristics | Emissions and environmental fate | Industrial hygiene | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B–Binding strength/migration potentialD–Density/specific gravityDC–Disassociation constantDG–Dust-generating solids/aerosolsMP–Melting pointM/PS–Molecule/particle size MW–Molecular weightpH–pHPS–Physical state (at room temperature)S–SolubilityVP/BP–Vapor pressure/boiling point | A/C–Amount consumer useA/M–Amount manufacturer useD–Extent dispersive useP/H–Processing/handling characteristics | B/EM–Biomonitoring/environmental monitoringE–EmissionsPBT–Persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic | IH–Industrial hygiene controls OM–Occupational monitoring | |||||||||||||||||
| B | D | DC | DG | MP | M/PS | MW | pH | PS | S | VP/BP | A/C | A/M | D | P/H | B/EM | E | PBT | IH | OM | |
| Goldschmidt 1993 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. EPA CTSA (Kincaid et al. 1996) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| Rosenberg et al. 2001a | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lowell Center for Sustainable Production (Rossi et al. 2006)a | ||||||||||||||||||||
| MA TURI (Eliason and Morose 2011; MA TURI 2006)b | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
| P2OSH (Quinn et al. 2006) | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC 2007) | ✓ | |||||||||||||||||||
| TRGS 600 (BAuA AGS 2008) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
| UNEP Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee’s General Guidance on Alternatives (UNEP 2009) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. EPA DFE Program (Lavoie et al. 2010; U.S. EPA 2011a) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| BizNGO (Rossi et al. 2011) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| German Guide on Sustainable Chemicals (Reihlen et al. 2011) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓d | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| UCLA Sustainable Policy & Technology Program (Malloy et al. 2011, 2013) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
| REACH (ECHA 2011)c | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. EPA SNAP Program (U.S. EPA 2011b) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| European Commission DGE (Gilbert et al. 2012) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| Ontario Toxics Use Reduction Program 2012d | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||||
| OSHA 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interstate Chemicals Clearinghouse (IC2 2013)e | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| NAS (NRC 2014)f | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| These end points reflect those explicitly noted in the sources reviewed above beyond considerations such as routes and patterns of exposure. aExposure assessment not addressed. bThese measures are captured during the hazard assessment process. cSpecific exposure potential attributes not comprehensively outlined in the guidance materials, beyond referencing PBTs, “environmental fate properties,” and emissions. dThese measures are captured during the life-cycle assessment process. eThe IC2 framework allows for different levels of assessment; end points noted reflect all levels. fThe physicochemical properties are outlined in Step 5 of the NAS framework, which is a discrete step focused on such properties. | ||||||||||||||||||||