Table 7.
Addressing chemical life-cycle impacts (n = 20).
| Framework name (reference) | Life-cycle impacts addressed? | Addressed as a discrete process element? | General methods | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life-cycle thinking | Life-cycle assessmenta | Other (as described) | |||
| Goldschmidt 1993 | |||||
| U.S. EPA CTSA (Kincaid et al. 1996) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Rosenberg et al. 2001 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Lowell Center for Sustainable Production (Rossi et al. 2006) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| MA TURI (Eliason and Morose 2011; MA TURI 2006) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| P2OSH (Quinn et al. 2006) | |||||
| Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC 2007) | ✓ | ||||
| TRGS 600 (AGS 2008) | ✓b | ✓ | References the use of “tried and tested expert method” for social, environmental, and economic end points. | ||
| UNEP Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee General Guidance on Alternatives (UNEP 2009) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| U.S. EPA DFE Program (Lavoie et al. 2010; U.S. EPA 2011a) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| BizNGO (Rossi et al. 2011) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓c | ✓c | |
| German Guide on Sustainable Chemicals (Reihlen et al. 2011) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| UCLA Sustainable Policy & Technology Program (Malloy et al. 2011, 2013) | ✓ | Addresses 14 end points associated with life-cycle impacts. | |||
| REACH (ECHA 2011) | ✓ | References LCA for comparative evaluation of “far-reaching impacts,” yet states that LCA methods are not designed for the selection of lower-risk alternatives to hazardous chemicals associated with specific uses. Only alternative method offered is the Column Model. | |||
| U.S. EPA SNAP Program (U.S. EPA 2011b) | ✓ | Addresses environmental releases and exposure at specific life-cycle stages: manufacture, use, and disposal. Also interested in specific regulatory/programmatic end points, including ozone depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. | |||
| European Commission DGE (Gilbert et al. 2012) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Ontario Toxics Use Reduction Program 2012 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| OSHA 2013 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Interstate Chemicals Clearinghouse (IC2 2013) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓d | ✓d | |
| NAS (NRC 2014) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓e | ✓e | |
| aReferencing accepted/standard life-cycle assessment methods. bNot addressed in the typical assessment; part of an “extended assessment” for decisions that have far-reaching implications. cBoth methods mentioned, including their strengths and limitations. dLife-cycle thinking is used in the preliminary and in levels 1 and 2; life-cycle assessment guided by ISO 14040 (ISO 2006) is referred to in level 2 and outlined as the main method in level 3. eUse of life-cycle thinking is recommended before the use of life-cycle analysis to identify upstream and downstream impacts. | |||||