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. 2015 Dec 16;66(2):156–163. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biv171

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© The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Figure 1. — Examples of healthy (rich ecosystem services; e.g., food supply, nursery grounds, coastal protection) versus degraded (poor ecosystem services) marine ecosystem sites. (1) Tropical coral reefs: (a) a high-structural-complexity reef, dominated by reef-building corals (Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia), (b) a degraded reef (Ulithi, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia); (2) Mangrove forests: (a) a fully developed forest (Mangal; Solomon Islands), (b) a degraded mangrove site (Rookery Bay, Florida); (3) Seagrass meadows: (a) a Posidonia australis meadow (King George Sound, Australia), (b) a stressed Zostera muelleri meadow (Tasmania, Australia); (4) Kelp forests: (a) a highly productive giant kelp forest (California), (b) a deforested kelp reef with low productivity and diversity (California); (5) Canopy-forming algal forests: (a) a Cystoseira balearica forest (Scandola, Corsica), (b) urchin barrens (Porto Cesareo, Italy). Photographs: 1a C. Storlazzi; 1b A. Abelson; 2a E. Brokovich, 2b C.J. Sapp; 3a G. Kendrick, 3b G. Edgar; 4a,b R. McPeak; 5a E. Ballesteros, 5b P Guidetti.