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. 2015 Aug 17;13(2):138–147. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2015.68

Table 2. lncRNAs in innate immune responses.

lncRNA Characteristics/functions References
lincRNA-COX2 First identified in LPS-stimulated mouse CD11C+ BMDCs, and regulates inflammatory gene expression by interacting with hnRNP-A/B and hnRNP-A2/B1, and its expression was induced by TLR ligands in a MyD88- and NF-κB-dependent manner 32,36,37
PACER Activates COX-2 expression by occluding p50-p50 complexes in primary human mammary epithelial cells and PMA-stimulated human monocyte–macrophage cells 38
Lethe Binds to the RelA homodimer to block RelA-DNA binding and attenuates the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response in MEFs following stimulation of TNFα, IL-1β, and dexamethasone 17
THRIL (linc1992) Interacts with hnRNPL to form a transcriptional activating complex and then binds to the TNF-α promoter to regulate TNF-α expression through a negative feedback mechanism with the induction upon TLR1/2 signaling in THP1-derived macrophages 39
NEAT1 Binds to SFPQ, so that SFPQ is translocated from the IL-8 promoter region to the paraspeckles, which in turn results in the activation of IL-8 in the TLR3-p38 signaling pathway 40,41
lncRNA-CMPK2 Has a negative regulatory role in the modulation of the IFN response. Consistently, lncRNA-CMPK2 is strongly upregulated in a subset of HCV-infected human livers 44
lncISG15 and lncBST2 Induced by influenza and VSV mutants that are unable to block the IFN response, and their expression increases with HCV infection and in the liver of infected patients 45
IL-1β-eRNA and IL-1β-RBT46 Is nuclear-localized, NF-κB-regulated, and favors LPS-induced messenger RNA transcription and the release of the pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-1β and CXCL8 46,47
NKILA Binds to the NF-κB/IkB complex and represses NF-κB signaling and cancer-associated inflammation with induction by LPS, TNF-α, and IL-1β 43
Multiple 15 elncRNAs and 12 plncRNAs were identified in LPS-induced BMDMs according to chromatin signatures defined by relative levels of H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 surrounding the transcription start site 42
Multiple 7419 lincRNAs were analyzed in CD14+ monocytes that were isolated from RA patients treated with anti-IL-6R or anti-TNF-α, and the regulation of lincRNA transcription was highly specific for distinct cytokines 48